Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials of fermented Citrullus vulgaris with mutant and non-mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis to produce condiment (ogiri)

Abstract

BackgroundOxidative stress leading to degenerative diseases has become the leading cause of health issues. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have be associated with complications. The development of nutraceuticals/functional foods that can modulate oxidative stress becomes very necessary. Mutated Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) have been reported to produce D-ribose, having ameliorative effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine and increased ATP synthesis. AimsThe present study investigated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ogiri samples fermented with mutant (modified) and non-mutant strains of B. subtilis in α-carrageenan-induced rats. MethodsInflammation and pain were induced via α-carrageenan, while indomethacin and ogiri samples were used for treatment. Mobility and inflammatory volumes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, E-NTPDase activities, antioxidant activities and levels, hepatic and renal markers were investigated. ResultsIt was shown that some of the ogiri fermented with mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis samples ameliorated α-carrageenan-induced inflammatory oedema and painful movements. The percentage inhibition ranged from 18.69 ± 1.98–66.35 ± 2.97, with high percentage inhibition of oedema observed with samples IDC22, AAC70, AAC65, AAH22, AAD10, AAD51, and AAD30 (67.02 ± 1.98, 66.35 ± 2.97, 61.21 ± 2.31, 63.55 ± 1.32, 61.22 ± 2.31, 59.81 ± 0.66 and 59.35 ± 2.32) respectively. The reduction rate and mobility ranged from 5.30 to 10.40 mm and 169.00–288.50 min. The samples mentioned above also showed better amelioration with reduction rates (10.4, 9.85, 9.65, 10.1, 9.85. 9.85 and 9.70), and mobility values (257.00, 273.50, 261.00, 268.00, 271.50, 258.50, and 257.50) than other samples. The E-NTPDase activity ranged from 10.191 to 13.369 and showed energy restoration on some ogiri samples AAC70, AAC65, AAC22, AAH22, AAD10, AAD51, and AAD30 (12.558, 11.882, 11.288, 11.242, 12.324, 11.807 and 11.616) compared to the standard drug (9.798). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory markers, antioxidants, hepatic and renal enzymes, and concentrations altered were restored in the same samples mentioned above. ConclusionThe modified ogiri samples, especially AAC70, can be applied as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.