Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are a real public health problem worldwide. Many synthetic drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and immunosuppressive drugs have harmful side effects. However, there are natural products like propolis, which is traditionally used in the treatment of pain. The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethyl ester of arachic acid, a compound isolated from Cameroonian propolis. The ethyl ester of arachic acid was isolated by chromatography of the ethanolic extract of propolis harvested at Tala-Mokolo (Far North Region of Cameroon) and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and the 1H-1H correlated spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of oral administration of arachic acid ethyl ester (12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 mg/kg bw) were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema, xylene-induced ear edema, cotton pellets-induced granuloma formation, and hot plate test in rat. Arachic acid ethyl ester produced maximum inhibition at 50.0 mg/kg for carrageenan-induced paw edema (62.5%), xylene-induced ear edema (54.5%), cotton pellet-induced granuloma (47.4%), and increased mean latency for hot plate test in rats. These results show clearly that the arachic acid ethyl ester has acute and chronic anti-inflammatory properties as well as central analgesic properties. This justifies the use of propolis in the treatment of pain in traditional medicine.
Highlights
Rheumatic diseases associated with inflammatory diseases are very common worldwide and constitute a major public health problem
The injection of carrageenan resulted in an increase of paw edema between the first hour (0.44 cm) and the fifth hour (0.54 cm) but falls at the sixth hour (0.38 cm) in the control group
Maximum inhibitions were 62.50% in the group treated with Arachic Acid Ethyl Ester (AAEE) 50 mg/kg bw at the second hour and 68.22% in the group treated with dexamethasone 5 mg/kg bw
Summary
Rheumatic diseases associated with inflammatory diseases are very common worldwide and constitute a major public health problem. Inflammatory diseases are mammalian tissue pathologies caused by various agents, including infectious microorganisms, toxic chemicals, physical lesions, or tumor growth [1]. During the inflammatory process, injured tissue cells, phagocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells secrete mediators of inflammation such as histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement, and lymphokines. Inflammation is a nonspecific body’s response to pathogens. Acute inflammation is manifested by pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function [2]. Inflammatory diseases can be acute or chronic. The body’s initial response to inflammatory agents is acute inflammation characterized by increased movements of leukocytes (granulocytes) and plasma from the blood to injured tissues. Several biochemical mechanisms involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells occur within the injured tissue. Long-term inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, is characterized by the simultaneous
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