Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability and pathway of the pectic enzyme-treated (PET) pectin to inhibit the inflammation of macrophage RAW 264.7 induced by lipopolysaccharide. Results showed that PET-pectin produced from 1% substrate and 48 h reaction time had the highest antioxidative activity, thus these parameters were used to produce PET-pectin used in this study. PET-pectin showed no cell cytotoxicity to normal macrophage RAW 264.7 and reduce the nitrite secretion from LPS-induced RAW 264.7 by 20%. Finally, the expression of cytokines, including NO synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were analyzed by western blot. In the western blot method, it was found that iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, TNF-α and other proteins that activated NO production had a downtrend. It was found that PET-pectin possess promising activity to mitigate the inflammatory response.
Highlights
Inflammation is a body defense response to destructive stimulus by initiating healing process regulated by immune system; excessive inflammation causes chronic inflammatory conditions including arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis (Wang et al, 2016)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is commonly used as compound to induce inflammation in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages cell due to its ability to trigger the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Agarwal et al, 1995)
Pectin is composed of heteropolysaccharides rich in galacturonic acid primarily found in the cell walls of terrestrial plants
Summary
Inflammation is a body defense response to destructive stimulus by initiating healing process regulated by immune system; excessive inflammation causes chronic inflammatory conditions including arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis (Wang et al, 2016). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is commonly used as compound to induce inflammation in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages cell due to its ability to trigger the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Agarwal et al, 1995). Pectin is a common gelling agent used for jam and jelly making extracted from citrus peel or apple pomace. Pectin is composed of heteropolysaccharides rich in galacturonic acid primarily found in the cell walls of terrestrial plants. Pectin consists of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and other 13 different monosaccharides (Naqash et al, 2017). Pectin which act as dietary fiber has been reported to possess anti-diabetic activity (Liu et al, 2016)
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