Abstract
Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries have long been used for their health promoting properties against chronic conditions. The current study investigated the effect of Canadian haskap berry extracts on pro-inflammatory cytokines using a human monocytic cell line THP-1 derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Methanol extracts of haskap from different growing locations in Canada were prepared and characterized for their total phenolic profile using colorimetric assays and liquid chromatography—Mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Human THP-1 monocytes were seeded in 24-well plates (5 × 105/well) and treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 0.1 μg/mL) for 48 h to induce macrophage differentiation. After 48 h, the differentiated macrophages were washed with Hank’s buffer and treated with various concentrations of test compounds for 4 h, followed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation (18 h). Borealis cultivar showed the highest phenolic content, flavonoid content and anthocyanin content (p < 0.05). A negative correlation existed between the polyphenol concentration of the extracts and pro-inflammatory cytokines: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin (PGE2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. Borealis exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory effects to COX inhibitory drug, diclofenac. The results showed that haskap berry polyphenols has the potential to act as an effective inflammation inhibitor.
Highlights
IntroductionFree radicals, produced as metabolic process mediators have a tendency to attack biomolecules like
Free radicals, produced as metabolic process mediators have a tendency to attack biomolecules likeDNA, RNA, proteins and lipids [1]
Human monocytes (THP-1 cells) differentiated macrophages were employed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of haskap berry extracts, as macrophages are predominately involved at the initial stage of inflammation process and secreting cell-signalling molecules [15]
Summary
Free radicals, produced as metabolic process mediators have a tendency to attack biomolecules like. Our previous study has demonstrated the antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of the Borealis cultivar of haskap to be competitive with other berries [12], thereby suggesting its health promoting potential. B (UVB)-caused injury of keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, and gingival fibroblast oxidative damage by lipopolysaccharide [11,13,14], the information on phenolic characterization and biological activity of recently introduced cultivars of Canadian haskap is limited. Considering the previous reports, the present study was conducted to investigate the sugar, organic acid and polyphenol profiles of different haskap cultivars grown in Canada and to study their anti-inflammatory potential. Human monocytes (THP-1 cells) differentiated macrophages were employed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of haskap berry extracts, as macrophages are predominately involved at the initial stage of inflammation process and secreting cell-signalling molecules [15]
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