Abstract
Anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-IDs) were discovered at the very beginning of the 20th century and have attracted attention of researchers for many years. Nowadays, there are five known types of anti-IDs: α, β, γ, ε, and δ. Due to the ability of internal-image anti-IDs to compete with an antigen for binding to antibody and to alter the biologic activity of an antigen, anti-IDs have become a target in the search for new treatments of autoimmune illnesses, cancer, and some other diseases. In this review, we summarize the data about anti-IDs that mimic the structural and functional properties of some bioregulators (autacoids, neurotransmitters, hormones, xenobiotics, and drugs) and evaluate their possible medical applications. The immune system is potentially able to reproduce or at least alter the effects of any biologically active endogenous or exogenous immunogenic agent via the anti-idiotypic principle, and probably regulates a broad spectrum of cell functions in the body, being a kind of universal remedy or immunacea, by analogy to the legendary ancient goddess of universal healing Panacea (Πανάκεια, Panakeia in Greek) in the treatment and prevention of diseases, possibly including non-infectious somatic and even hereditary ones.
Highlights
In 1900, London and Besredka demonstrated the existence of physiologic antihemolysins
Due to the ability of internal-image anti-IDs to compete with an antigen for binding to Ab1 and to alter the biologic activity of an antigen, anti-IDs have become a target in the search for new treatments of autoimmune illnesses, cancer, and some other diseases
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine and is one of the signals required to induce T-cell proliferation. It was demonstrated [22] that the rabbits, immunized with IL-1, produced anti-IDs, which were similar in their bioactivity to IL-1
Summary
In 1900, London and Besredka demonstrated the existence of physiologic antihemolysins. Active centers of Ab1 are recognized by the An second classstimulates of Abs—antiThe mechanism of theThe formation of Jerne’s network is the following: antigen the production of Abs (Ab1). Anti-IDs are directed against the idiotype of Ab1 and may represent its mirror replica It seems thatAnti-IDs some of them can recognize same structures as the antigen does.itsPaul. The recognition of the same structures both by anbodies antigen andact bybyitsother anti-IDs living who out in Latin: “Corpora non facit nisi fixata”—“The cannot meansinthan to to bind” [7]. If anti-IDs do recognize and bind like their primary antigens, they might to a certain degree act as antigen, and imitate or systems may elicit similar informational and signaling consequences. ) therapeutic action in various shall take into account the probable role of anti-IDs imitating the remedies ever taken by their donors. We summarized the data on anti-IDs, which mimic the structural and functional properties of some bioregulators, and to evaluate their possible medical applications
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