Abstract
The n-butanol fraction (BF) obtained from the crude extract of the marine sponge Petromica citrina, the halistanol-enriched fraction (TSH fraction), and the isolated compounds halistanol sulfate (1) and halistanol sulfate C (2), were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the replication of the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1, KOS strain) by the viral plaque number reduction assay. The TSH fraction was the most effective against HSV-1 replication (SI = 15.33), whereas compounds 1 (SI = 2.46) and 2 (SI = 1.95) were less active. The most active fraction and these compounds were also assayed to determine the viral multiplication step(s) upon which they act as well as their potential synergistic effects. The anti-HSV-1 activity detected was mediated by the inhibition of virus attachment and by the penetration into Vero cells, the virucidal effect on virus particles, and by the impairment in levels of ICP27 and gD proteins of HSV-1. In summary, these results suggest that the anti-HSV-1 activity of TSH fraction detected is possibly related to the synergic effects of compounds 1 and 2.
Highlights
In a previous screening of the anti-infective potential of marine invertebrates and seaweeds [28], we observed a promising activity for the n-butanol fraction (BF) obtained from the ethanolic crude extract of this sponge that led us to perform this study
The BF fraction was submitted to several Sephadex LH-20 chromatography procedures yielding five fractions (Sep-1 to Sep-5), which were pooled based on thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
In view of the fact that our results suggest that TSH fraction and compounds 1 and 2 affect the early stages of Herpex Simplex Virus (HSV) replication, we investigated the effects of these samples on protein expression during HSV-1 replication by Western blotting (Figure 3)
Summary
Pharmaceutical interest in marine organisms has provided thousands of new and novel compounds that have shown important biological properties, such as anticancer, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and antibacterial activities [2,5,6,7,8]. In this context, marine sponges have been a prolific source of diverse secondary metabolites with complex and unique structures [2,9,10,11,12,13]. Several highly active compounds from marine sponges have been reported as new biologically active structures [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]
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