Abstract
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis triggered by the interaction between monosodium urate crystals and tissues during the purine metabolism by xanthine oxidase. This study aimed to determine the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total anthocyanin content of 10 selected edible flowers, namely Rosa sp., Malus sp., Lavandula sp., Lilium sp., Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Chrysanthemum sp., Matricaria sp., Gomphrena sp., Myosotis sp. and Jasminum sp. extracted using hot water infusion method. Phytochemical contents and the anti-gout activity of the flower extracts using the xanthine oxidase inhibition assay were determined spectrophotometrically. The results revealed that three aqueous flower extracts (Rosa sp., Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and Malus sp.) exhibited potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (IC50 values, 0.10±0.15 µg/mL, 0.12±0.11 µg/mL and 2.59±3.8 µg/mL, respectively), which were comparable to the positive control, allopurinol (IC50 value, 4.9±0.00 µg/mL). The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in Lavandula sp. (4.39±0.13 mg GAE/g and 63.46±1.07 mg RE/g) while Rosa sp. showed the highest content of anthocyanin (70.14±4.82 mg c-3-gE/g). Positive correlations were observed between the phytochemicals and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the flower extracts. Hence, this study suggests that Rosa sp., Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and Malus sp. possess anti-gout potential, which is associated with the presence of possible anti-gout phytochemicals. The isolation of the bioactive compounds that exhibit significant anti-gout activity among the selected flowers is recommended for future research.
Highlights
Introduction highly neededGout is a type of arthritis associated with joint pain and swelling which occurs due to the increase of uric acid in the blood
The total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents in the selected flowers were determined in this study (Table 1)
The highest phenolic content was observed in Lavandula sp. extract with the value of 4.39±0.13 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g
Summary
Introduction highly neededGout is a type of arthritis associated with joint pain and swelling which occurs due to the increase of uric acid in the blood. The inflammation response is initiated with the formation of monosodium urate crystals at the joints and tissues under abnormally high uric acid levels as a consequence of gout development (Abu Bakar et al, 2018). Searching for novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors with greater therapeutic potential and fewer side effects is. There is a vast array of natural products potentially to be developed as xanthine oxidase inhibitors, at present, the research related to this discovery is still largely unexplored (Hudaib et al, 2011). Flower and herbal tea infusions have been gaining popularity among researchers due to their nutritional value and therapeutic importance. Refreshing tea infusions made from the pure or powdered forms of flowers are popular due to their fragrance, antioxidant properties and therapeutic applications (Aoshima et al, 2007). Aroma and health benefits contribute to increased attention and interest for flower teas consumption (Hussain et al, 2019)
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