Abstract
Background: Phellinus igniarius (P. igniarius) is an important medicinal and edible fungus in China and other Southeast Asian countries and has diverse biological activities. This study was performed to comparatively investigate the therapeutic effects of wild and cultivated P. igniarius on hyperuricaemia and gouty arthritis in rat models. Methods: UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS was used to identify the chemical constituents of polyphenols from wild P. igniarius (WPP) and cultivated P. igniarius (CPP). Furthermore, WPP and CPP were evaluated in an improved hyperuricaemia rat model induced by yeast extract, adenine and potassium oxonate, which was used to examine xanthine oxidase (XO) activity inhibition and anti-hyperuricemia activity. WPP and CPP therapies for acute gouty arthritis were also investigated in a monosodium urate (MSU)-induced ankle swelling model. UHPLC-QE-MS was used to explore the underlying metabolic mechanisms of P. igniarius in the treatment of gout. Results: The main active components of WPP and CPP included protocatechuic aldehyde, hispidin, davallialactone, phelligridimer A, hypholomine B and inoscavin A as identified by UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. Wild P. igniarius and cultivated P. igniarius showed similar activities in reducing uric acid levels through inhibiting XO activity and down-regulating the levels of UA, Cr and UN, and they had anti-inflammatory activities through down-regulating the secretions of ICAM-1, IL-1β and IL-6 in the hyperuricaemia rat model. The pathological progression of kidney damage was also reversed. The polyphenols from wild and cultivated P. igniarius also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the expression of ICAM-1, IL-1β and IL-6 and by reducing the ankle joint swelling degree in an MSU-induced acute gouty arthritis rat model. The results of metabolic pathway enrichment indicated that the anti-hyperuricemia effect of WPP was mainly related to the metabolic pathways of valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis and histidine metabolism. Additionally, the anti-hyperuricemia effect of CPP was mainly related to nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and beta-alanine metabolism. Conclusions: Wild P. igniarius and cultivated P. igniarius both significantly affected the treatment of hyperuricaemia and acute gouty arthritis models in vivo and therefore may be used as potential active agents for the treatment of hyperuricaemia and acute gouty arthritis.
Highlights
Gout is a long-term and recurrent metabolic disease characterized by purine metabolism disorders and/or uric acid metabolism imbalances, and it can be caused by genetic factors that make individuals more susceptible or by unhealthy diets (Pascual et al, 2015; Robinson 2018; Punzi et al, 2019; Zhu et al, 2021)
Based on the UPLC-negative ion mode (ESI-)qTOF-MS chromatogram of polyphenols from wild P. igniarius (WPP) and polyphenols from cultivated P. igniarius (CPP), good separations were achieved within 30 min
By comparing the retention time, exact mass and fragmentation patterns that were reported in the literature, 12 compounds were identified from WPP
Summary
Gout is a long-term and recurrent metabolic disease characterized by purine metabolism disorders and/or uric acid metabolism imbalances, and it can be caused by genetic factors that make individuals more susceptible (geneticsenvironment interactions) or by unhealthy diets (Pascual et al, 2015; Robinson 2018; Punzi et al, 2019; Zhu et al, 2021). Under increased blood uric acid levels in hyperuricaemia, monosodium urate (MSU) crystal/tophi deposits within intra- and/or peri-articular areas further induce excruciating pain and chronic inflammatory responses that may lead to joint structure damage, named gouty arthritis or gout (Perez-Ruiz et al, 2015; Dhanasekar and Rasool 2016). Some effective gout therapy treatments based on the pathogenesis of gout include inflammation reduction, pain relief, and improved joint function achieved by reducing the levels of UA in serum/urine and dissolving MSU crystals (Martinon 2010; Kapoor et al, 2011; Sokolove and Lepus 2013; Hainer et al, 2014). This study was performed to comparatively investigate the therapeutic effects of wild and cultivated P. igniarius on hyperuricaemia and gouty arthritis in rat models
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