Anti-doping education interventions in athletic populations: a systematic review of their characteristics, outcomes and practical implications

Abstract

ABSTRACT The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has made education a central pillar of its programme. However, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of education interventions and validated guidelines are lacking. Furthermore, athletes with different levels of sport participation are affected by doping issues. This systematic review systematically analysed studies of anti-doping education interventions targeting athletic populations to identify the characteristics of effectiveness and the implications. The study followed the PRISMA guidelines with a protocol registered on PROSPERO. Data were collected via an online search of seven databases and two search engines in both English and French. The systematic review included 28 studies of 21 interventions encompassing a variety of educational strategies grounded in the literature and required by the anti-doping institutions. To be effective over time, interventions should use multifaceted approaches including values development, comprise several sessions, and be delivered by well-trained staff. However, these results should be considered with caution as the evidence of their effectiveness is questionable. By exploring the breadth of anti-doping education interventions, this review provides a clear and updated educational framework targeting a broad athletic population. It points to the urgent need to consolidate the assessment of intervention effectiveness.