Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of balanced deep-sea water (BDSW) on hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice. BDSW was prepared by mixing deep-sea water (DSW) mineral extracts and desalinated water to give a final hardness of 500–2000. Mice given an HFD with BDSW showed lowered fasting plasma glucose levels compared to HFD-fed mice. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests showed that BDSW improves impaired glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice. Histopathological evaluation of the pancreas showed that BDSW recovers the size of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and increases the secretion of insulin and glucagon in HFD-fed mice. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results revealed that the expression of hepatic genes involved in glucogenesis, glycogenolysis and glucose oxidation were suppressed, while those in glucose uptake, β-oxidation, and glucose oxidation in muscle were increased in mice fed HFD with BDSW. BDSW increased AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 pre- and mature adipocytes and improved impaired AMPK phosphorylation in the muscles and livers of HFD-induced diabetic mice. BDSW stimulated phosphoinositol-3-kinase and AMPK pathway-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that BDSW has potential as an anti-diabetic agent, given its ability to suppress hyperglycemia and improve glucose intolerance by increasing glucose uptake.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and progressive beta-cell dysfunction, which leads to multiple diabetic complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and ketoacidosis
To determine the effect of balanced deep-sea water (BDSW) on the development of diabetes, we investigated fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice
Our findings showed the characteristics of obese type 2 diabetes such as hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and increased weight gain in HFD-induced
Summary
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and progressive beta-cell dysfunction, which leads to multiple diabetic complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and ketoacidosis. As an alternative strategy for developing effective and safe anti-diabetes drugs, many natural products, including crude extracts and compounds that have been isolated from natural resources, are being investigated to treat diabetes [5]. In vivo [15] and in vitro [16] studies showed that DSW (hardness 1000 ppm) has anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties, including inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, as well as anti-hyperglycemic activity. It is worth studying the possibility that BDSW with high Mg and Ca content might be a new agent for treating or preventing metabolic disease. To investigate the effect of balanced deep-sea water (BDSW), of differing hardness, on obese type 2 diabetic mice, our study used BDSW ranging from relatively low (500 ppm) to high (2000 ppm) hardness. Development of type 2 diabetes in vivo, we examined fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in C57BL/6 mice that exhibited type 2 diabetes induced by high-fat diet feeding
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