Abstract
Methods Diabetic Apoe-/- mice induced by streptozotocin were treated with vehicle, the Pin1 inhibitor juglone, or the BRD4 inhibitor JQ1 for 3 weeks. VSMCs were pretreated with juglone, JQ1, or vehicle for 45 min, and then exposed to high glucose for 48 h. Hematoxylin–eosin staining was performed to assess atherosclerotic plaques of the thoracic aorta. Western blotting was used to detect expression levels of Pin1, BRD4, cyclin D1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the thoracic aorta and VSMCs. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and transwell assay were used to measure proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Results Juglone and JQ1 significantly improved atherosclerosis of diabetic Apoe-/- mice and reduced high glucose-induced VSMC proliferation and migration. Cyclin D1 and MMP-9 levels in the thoracic aorta were lower in diabetic Apoe-/- mice treated with juglone and JQ1 compared with vehicle-treated diabetic Apoe-/- mice. Additionally, BRD4 protein expression in high glucose-induced VSMCs was inhibited by juglone and JQ1. Upregulation of Pin1 expression by transduction of the Pin1 plasmid vector promoted BRD4 expression induced by high glucose, and stimulated proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Conclusions Inhibition of Pin1/BRD4 pathway may improve diabetic atherosclerosis by inhibiting proliferation and migration of VSMCs.
Highlights
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction and stroke, is the main cause of death in diabetes [1], but its mechanism is complicated
Many studies have shown that abnormal proliferation and migration of Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from the middle layer of the arteries to the endometrium are associated with the process of diabetic atherosclerosis [2]
We found that Pin1 and Bromine domain protein 4 (BRD4) protein expression in the thoracic aorta of diabetic Apoe/- mice and in VSMCs induced by high glucose were significantly increased
Summary
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction and stroke, is the main cause of death in diabetes [1], but its mechanism is complicated. Studies have shown that abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the middle layer of the artery to the endometrium is an important process for accelerating cardiovascular complications in diabetes [2]. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation and migration is the important pathological process of diabetic atherosclerosis. Diabetic Apoe-/- mice induced by streptozotocin were treated with vehicle, the Pin inhibitor juglone, or the BRD4 inhibitor JQ1 for 3 weeks. Western blotting was used to detect expression levels of Pin, BRD4, cyclin D1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the thoracic aorta and VSMCs. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and transwell assay were used to measure proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Results. Juglone and JQ1 significantly improved atherosclerosis of diabetic Apoe-/- mice and reduced high glucose-induced VSMC proliferation and migration. BRD4 protein expression in high glucose-induced VSMCs was inhibited by juglone and JQ1. Inhibition of Pin1/BRD4 pathway may improve diabetic atherosclerosis by inhibiting proliferation and migration of VSMCs
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