Anti-diabetic activity of Mimosa pigra Linn (Fabaceae) methanol leaf extract on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Objective: The purport of this study was carried out to define the antidiabetic and in vivo antioxidant activity of Catharanthus roseus var. alba extract loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ELCN) and methanolic leaf extract (MLE) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The Alloaxan (ALX) model for the experimental induction of diabetes in rat. Animals were allocated into seven groups of six rats each: I Normal control group (NC) rats received distilled dihydrogen monoxide 10ml/kg, II diabetic group (DC) rats received 3% v/v Tween 80 in distilled water 10ml/kg, III diabetic rats fed with glibenclamide (GLB), IV and V fed with ELCN (50 and 100 mg/kg) and VI and VII fed with MLE (200 and 400 mg/kg). One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc test was acclimated to assess the consequential difference due to administration of ELCN and MLE. For in vivo antioxidant activity of ELCN and MLE, liver tissues were homogenized and were quantified reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were performed in NC, DC, GLB and ELCN as well as in MLE treated rats. Results: In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, both the ELCN and MLE decremented blood sugar levels and body weight at the cessation of 1st, 2nd and 3rd week after test extract treatment. Antioxidant enzymes activities such as CAT, SOD and GSH levels significantly decremented in the plasma and liver of diabetic rats compared to controls. The nanonization of extract lesser the dose, increment the bioavailability and specificity of required action. Conclusions: Findings of this study sanction us to establish scientifically ELCN and MLE as a potent antidiabetic agent with antioxidant effects.

Evaluation of physicochemical parameters, acute and subchronic toxicities, and anti-diabetic activity of Spondias venulosa (Engl.) Mart. ex Engl. leaf extract on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Aim: The current study observed the antidiabetic effect of Vasant Kusumakar Ras, an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation, in alloxan-induced and dexamethasone-induced diabetic rats.
 Materials and Methods: Alloxan (120 mg/kg, i.p.) and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (5 mg/kg, i.p.) were used to induce diabetes in rats. The oral antidiabetic activity of Vasant Kusumakar Ras was evaluated by single doses of Vasant Kusumakar Ras (400 and 600 mg/kg, p.o.) in albino rats during a 10-day treatment period, with the effect of the Vasant Kusumakar Ras on blood glucose levels and serum lipid parameters measured on 0, 7th, and 11th day. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as the reference drug.
 Results: In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the elevated levels of blood glucose significantly (p < 0.05) decreased after oral administration of Vasant Kusumakar Ras (400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg), and Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). When compared to the diabetic control group, treatment with Vasant Kusumakar Ras and Glibenclamide for 10 days reduced total cholesterol (TC) significantly (p < 0.001). Treatment with Vasant Kusumakar Ras and Glibenclamide for 10 days, significantly (p < 0.001) decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level when compared to the diabetic control group. In dexamethasone-induced diabetic rats, all rats given with dexamethasone and Vasant Kusumakar Ras (400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of blood glucose when compared with diabetic control rats. The rats treated with dexamethasone and Glibenclamide showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose level when compared to diabetic control rats. When compared to the diabetic control group, treatment with Vasant Kusumakar Ras and Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) for 10 days reduced TC significantly (p < 0.001). Treatment with Vasant Kusumakar Ras and Glibenclamide for 10 days, significantly (p < 0.001) decreased LDL level when compared to the diabetic control group.
 Conclusion: Vasant Kusumakar Ras was shown to have significant antidiabetic activity comparable to that of glibenclamide and it also improves the lipid metabolism in both alloxan-induced and dexamethasone-induced diabetic rats.

Effective β-cell regeneration is a recognized therapeutic strategy in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Regeneration of β-cells could be achieved via exogenous natural sources as medicinal plant extracts. Medicinal plants selected for the investigation were Spondias pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz, Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt and Gmelina arborea Roxb. The objective was to determine the β-cell regenerative potential of these plant extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes (150 mg/kg, ip). Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups (n=6); healthy untreated rats (healthy control), alloxan-induced diabetic untreated rats (diabetic control), diabetic rats received the extracts (treatment groups) of S. pinnata (1.0 g/kg), C. grandis (0.75 g/kg), G. arobrea (1.00 g/kg) and diabetic rats received glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg; positive control). The above treatment was continued for 30 days. On the 30th day, the rats were sacrificed and biochemical parameters were determined. In addition, histopathology and immunohistochemistry on the pancreatic tissue were done on the 30th day. According to the results obtained for biochemical parameters, there was a significant increase in the concentrations of serum insulin and C-peptide in plant extracts treated diabetic rats (p < 0.05). The extract of C. grandis produced the highest degree of β-cell regeneration demonstrated through an increase in the number of islets and percentage of the insulin-secreting β-cells (75%) in the pancreas of diabetic rats (p < 0.05) based on the histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings. The results revealed that the selected extracts of C. grandis (0.75 g/kg), G. arborea (1.00 g/kg) and S. pinnata (1.00 g/kg) exerted β-cell regenerative potential in diabetic rats. The three plant extracts would be valued as natural agents of prompting the β-cell regeneration in vivo.

As a result of increased interest in the production of plant-based drugs for the treatment of many diseases has become a significant reason why people have become more coversant in the use of traditional medicine for the treatment of mild and serious illness. Due to increase in the thrust for the production of plant-based drugs, this present study was carried out to compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potencies of acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana collected from Kaura Namoda Botanical Garden in Zamfara State-Nigeria. The antioxidant activities was evaluated using various assays; The total phenolic content of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 15.58 0.66 mg GAE/g, 14.10 2.17 mg GAE/g and 8.70 0.01 mg GAE/g respectively. Total flavonol contents; 207.10 11.53 mg QE/g, 196.08 5.53 mg QE/g and 112.04 8.27 mg QE/g respectively. Total flavonoid contents; 240.99 9.50 mg QE/g, 252.52 3.73 mg QE/g and 123.88 5.58 mg QE/g respectively. FRAP values were 679.14 0.45 mmol/g, 611.90 7.09 mmol/g and 292.07 11.38mmol/g respectively. ABTS activity of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 24.30 5.86 mg AAE/g, 14.49 1.02 mg AAE/g and 7.00 0.57 mg AAE/g respectively, methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage DPPH Inhibition value of 42.64 5.13, followed by aqueous (31.77 4.08) at 0.25mg/ml while aqueous had the highest (52.63 0.67), followed by methanol extract (44.80 2.80) at 0.50mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage inhibition of Nitric Oxide with a value of 59.74 1.30, followed by methanol extract (46.11 2.54) at 0.25mg/ml. inhibition for aqueous was also highest at 0.5 mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage lipid peroxidation inhibition value of 22.66 2.93, followed by methanol leaf extract with the value of 18.89 0.80 while at 0.50mg/ml methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation (39.42 3.10), followed by aqueous leaf extract with the value of 31.48 1.61. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana displayed potent antioxidant effects with the aqueous having an edge. This present study therefore supports the view that Acalypha wilkesiana can be used in the management of oxidative stress and other related diseases.

Study on anti-diabetic activities of crude methanolic extracts of Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) sourced from five different host trees

&nbsp; Antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of&nbsp;Cissusmultistriata&nbsp;were investigated against 8 bacterial and 2 fungal test organisms, using the tube dilution and agar ditch diffusion methods. Aqueous leaf extract had no activity against both the bacterial and fungal test organisms. Both the methanol and chloroform leaf extracts inhibited all the test organisms with chloroform leaf extract showing the highest zone of inhibition against&nbsp;Escherichia coli&nbsp;(diameter 25 mm) and least against&nbsp;Staphylococcus&nbsp;aureus&nbsp; (diameter 13 mm). The methanol leaf extract was least inhibitory against&nbsp;Salmonella typhi&nbsp;(diameter 8 mm) and most inhibitory against&nbsp;S.&nbsp;aureus&nbsp;(diameter 15 mm). The methanol leaf extract of&nbsp;C. multistriata&nbsp;show more antifungal activity compared with chloroform leaf extract, with&nbsp;Candida&nbsp;albicans&nbsp;being more susceptible than&nbsp;Aspergillus&nbsp;niger&nbsp;to both methanol and chloroform leaf extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol leaf extract show least activity against&nbsp;Yersinia&nbsp;enterocolitica&nbsp;andPseudomonas&nbsp;aeruginosa&nbsp;(MIC = 100 mg/ml) and higher activity of MIC at 50 mg/ml against the other bacterial test organisms. The chloroform leaf extract MIC of 100 mg/ml had least activity against&nbsp;Proteus&nbsp;mirabilis&nbsp;and&nbsp;P.&nbsp;aeruginosa&nbsp;and MIC of 20 mg/ml most inhibitory against&nbsp;E. coli,&nbsp;Klebsiella&nbsp;pneumonia&nbsp;and&nbsp;S.&nbsp;typhi. The antimicrobial activity of the heated extracts persisted after exposure to various temperatures between 30oC to 121oC for 15 to 30 min. However, the extract activity decreased as the temperature increased. The killing rate of the MBC of chloroform extract on&nbsp;E. coli&nbsp;was 1 cfu/3 min while on&nbsp;S. &nbsp;typhi&nbsp;was 1 cfu/3.8 min. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;&nbsp;Cissus&nbsp;multistriata, antimicrobial, extract, inhibition, susceptible.

Introduction: Therapeutic application of medicinal plants is Therapeutic application of medicinal plants is largely based on their chemical contents which synergistically work together in the same or different plants. Aims: This research assessed the synergistic antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of ethanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina (VAMG) and Croton zambesicus (CZMG) in alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats in other to justify the traditional medicinal application of the extracts as antidiabetic agents. Materials and Methods: The plants were collected, air-dried, and extracted separately in ethanol to produce the respective extracts (VAMG and CZMG). Secondary metabolites in each extract were screened using standard methods. The acute toxicity tests were carried out to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of the respective extracts. The animals were induced with diabetics using alloxan monohydrate and the ones showing fasting blood glucose of 250 mg/ dL were used for the study. The blood sugar levels and body weights of the diabetic rats were observed after the administration of the different extracts and the combined extracts for 28 days. The effects of the different extracts on lipid profile and hepatic enzymes of the diabetic rats were also studied. Results: The blood sugar levels and body weights of the diabetic rats were observed after the administration of the different extracts and the combined extracts for 28 days. The effects of the different extracts on lipid profile and hepatic enzymes of the diabetic rats were also studied. The extracts contained tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics and glycosides. Moreover, the exposure of the alloxan-induced diabetic rats to the combined plant extract (VACZ) caused a significantly (P &lt; .05) reduced fasting blood sugar concentration, serum ALT, ALP, AST, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol, and an increased body weight, total protein and HDL cholesterol. The activity was comparable with the glibenclamide. Conclusion: Thus, the tested leaf extracts contained bioactive components whose synergistic activity could trigger a significant reduction of the blood sugar concentration and regulates the activity of hepatic indices in alloxan-induced diabetic rats than during a single administration. The extracts’ biological activity was comparable to the glibenclamide, and could be used in the development of antidiabetic candidate. The results confirmed the scientific basis of the traditional application of these medicinal plants.

Comparative evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity between n-butanol fraction, leaf and stem methanolic extract obtained from Olaxpsittacorum

Efficacy of several plant extracts in the clinical research for modulating oxidative stress correlated with diabetes mellitus (DM) is well documented. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro antioxidant activity, toxicity, and anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extract of Hippophae salicifolia leaves in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. H. salicifolia leaves were found to be rich in antioxidants. The acute toxicity test of methanolic extract of H. salicifolia leaves revealed that the median lethal dose (LD50) was found to be 3.92g/kg body weight in mice. Administration of H. salicifolia leaves at 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg in alloxan-induced diabetic rats illustrated significant reduction (22% and 39%, respectively) in fasting blood glucose compared to diabetic control. Both the doses were found to be effective when compared to diabetic rats. The Hippophae-treated diabetic rats showed significant increase in the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (50% and 74%, respectively), glutathione peroxidase (57% and 41%, respectively) and decrease in malondialdehyde (33% and 15%, respectively) levels. These results suggested that the methanolic leaf extract of H. salicifolia enhanced the antioxidant defence against reactive oxygen species produced under hyperglycaemic conditions.

In vitro antibacterial activity of methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla and Pterocarpus lucens were investigated against six bacterial clinical isolates using the tube dilution and agar diffusion methods. Salmonella typhi was the most susceptible to methanol leaf extracts of E. heterophylla with a zone of inhibition ranging from 16 to 24 mm for 12.5 to 100 mg/ml concentration. This was followed by Streptococcus lactis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella species in that order with Proteus vulgaris not susceptible to the different test concentrations of both plant extracts. E. heterophylla had the least minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 mg/ml against E. coli and S. typhi while P. lucens extract MIC of 25.00 mg/ml was the least against S. typhi. Since there is an inverse relationship between MIC value and susceptibility of the clinical test isolates, the MIC values also shows that E. heterophylla methanol leaf extracts were more potent to the susceptible test organisms having lower MIC values than the corresponding ethanol leaf extract MIC value. E. heterophylla extract minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 25.00 mg/ml for the sensitive isolates except for methanol extract with 12.50 mg/ml against S. typhi and ethanol extract with 12.50 mg/ml against S. aureus. P. lucens extract MBC was 100.00 mg/ml for the sensitive test isolates except for ethanol leaf extracts with 50.00 mg/ml against S. typhi. The killing rate of E. heterophylla methanol leaf extract MBC shows that E. coli was most rapidly killed at a rate of 4.53 &times; 106 CFU/min with S. aureus as the least killed at a rate of 0.62 &times; 106 CFU/min. S. lactis and E. coli were the most rapidly killed by P. lucens leaf extract MBC at a rate of 1.90 &times; 106 CFU/min. The killing rate of the extracts showed a positive support in the potential use of these plants in curing some infections as done by the traditional herbal healers in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Key words: In vitro, antibacteria, extract, inhibitory.In vitro antibacterial activity of methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of Euphorbia heterophylla and Pterocarpus lucens were investigated against six bacterial clinical isolates using the tube dilution and agar diffusion methods. Salmonella typhi was the most susceptible to methanol leaf extracts of E. heterophylla with a zone of inhibition ranging from 16 to 24 mm for 12.5 to 100 mg/ml concentration. This was followed by Streptococcus lactis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella species in that order with Proteus vulgaris not susceptible to the different test concentrations of both plant extracts. E. heterophylla had the least minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 mg/ml against E. coli and S. typhi while P. lucens extract MIC of 25.00 mg/ml was the least against S. typhi. Since there is an inverse relationship between MIC value and susceptibility of the clinical test isolates, the MIC values also shows that E. heterophylla methanol leaf extracts were more potent to the susceptible test organisms having lower MIC values than the corresponding ethanol leaf extract MIC value. E. heterophylla extract minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 25.00 mg/ml for the sensitive isolates except for methanol extract with 12.50 mg/ml against S. typhi and ethanol extract with 12.50 mg/ml against S. aureus. P. lucens extract MBC was 100.00 mg/ml for the sensitive test isolates except for ethanol leaf extracts with 50.00 mg/ml against S. typhi. The killing rate of E. heterophylla methanol leaf extract MBC shows that E. coli was most rapidly killed at a rate of 4.53 &times; 106 CFU/min with S. aureus as the least killed at a rate of 0.62 &times; 106 CFU/min. S. lactis and E. coli were the most rapidly killed by P. lucens leaf extract MBC at a rate of 1.90 &times; 106 CFU/min. The killing rate of the extracts showed a positive support in the potential use of these plants in curing some infections as done by the traditional herbal healers in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Key words: In vitro, antibacteria, extract, inhibitory.

Background: Adropin is a peptide first identified in 2008 in liver and brain tissues. It serves to modulate lipid and glucose metabolism and to maintain insulin sensitivity. It was found to be decreased in many disorders including diabetes mellitus (DM), atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy and many other diseases. Cinnamon tends to improve the serum glucose and lipid levels in diabetic subjects which may help in controlling DM and its disabling complications. Objective: To study the effect of serum adropin levels and cinnamon water extract on normal and alloxan-induced diabetic adult male albino rats. Materials and methods: Twenty-eight adult male albino rats of a local strain were used as an animal model for this study. They were divided into 4 equal groups; group 1 (control), group 2 (non-diabetic cinnamon-treated), group 3 (diabetic non treated), and group 4 (diabetic cinnamon-treated). After 4 weeks, blood samples were collected and serum was separated for the measurement of adropin level (by ELISA). Fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1C, cholesterol, LDL, HDL and TAGs were also measured. Collected Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 and the difference between studied groups was considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. Results: This study showed that there was a significant increase in serum adropin level in alloxan induced diabetic rats when compared with the normal rats. Also, the increase in serum adropin level showed a significant positive correlation with HbA1C, cholesterol, LDL and TAGs and a significant negative correlation with HDL. On the other hand, treatment with cinnamon showed a significant improvement of FBS, HbA1C and lipid profile and this was associated with reduction in serum adropin level. Conclusion: The increase in serum adropin level in alloxan-induced diabetes is compensatory as it increases insulin sensitivity and ameliorates diabetic associated metabolic derangements and, in the future, it may be one of the members of diabetic medications.

Blighia sapida leaves halt elevated blood glucose, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The aim of this present study is to study the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of ethanolic seed extract from Vitis vinifera (grape) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The grape seeds were dried, powdered, and extracted using ethanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays. The ethanolic extract showed significant free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 40.60 μg/ml for DPPH and 35.65 μg/ml for hydrogen peroxide assay, comparable to the standard ascorbic acid. The antidiabetic activity was assessed in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats divided into four groups: normal control, diabetic control, standard (metformin 250 mg/kg), and test group (grape seed extract 250 mg/kg). Blood glucose levels were monitored over 21 days of treatment. The grape seed extract demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activity, reducing blood glucose levels from 215 mg/dl to 169 mg/dl after 21 days, comparable to metformin's effect (212 mg/dl to 154 mg/dl). The results indicate that Vitis vinifera seed extract possesses potent antioxidant properties and antidiabetic activity, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in diabetes management

The antidiabetic activity of Pongamia pinnata ( Family: Leguminosae) leaf extracts was investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. A comparison was made between the action of different extracts of P. pinnata and a known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (600 μg/kg b. wt.). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed in experimental diabetic rats. The petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol and aqueous extracts of P. pinnata were obtained by simple maceration method and were subjected to standardization using pharmacognostical and phytochemical screening methods. Dose selection was made on the basis of acute oral toxicity study (50-5000 mg/kg b. w.) as per OECD guidelines. P. pinnata ethanolic extract (PPEE) and aqueous extract (PPAE) showed significant (P < 0.001) antidiabetic activity. In alloxan-induced model, blood glucose levels of these extracts on 7th day of the study were 155.83 ± 11.211mg/dl (PPEE) and 132.00 ± 4.955mg/dl (PPAE) in comparison of diabetic control (413.50 ± 4.752mg/dl) and chloroform extract (210.83 ± 14.912mg/dl). In glucose loaded rats, PPEE exhibited glucose level of 164.50 ± 6.350mg/dl after 30 min and 156.50 ± 4.089mg/dl after 90 min, whereas the levels in PPAE treated animals were 176 ± 3.724mg/dl after 30 min and 110.33 ± 6.687mg/dl after 90 min. These extracts also prevented body weight loss in diabetic rats. The drug has the potential to act as an antidiabetic drug.