Anti-diabetic activity of Mimosa pigra Linn (Fabaceae) methanol leaf extract on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of four different extracts derived from the aerial parts of Chiliadenus iphinoides

As a result of increased interest in the production of plant-based drugs for the treatment of many diseases has become a significant reason why people have become more coversant in the use of traditional medicine for the treatment of mild and serious illness. Due to increase in the thrust for the production of plant-based drugs, this present study was carried out to compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potencies of acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana collected from Kaura Namoda Botanical Garden in Zamfara State-Nigeria. The antioxidant activities was evaluated using various assays; The total phenolic content of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 15.58 0.66 mg GAE/g, 14.10 2.17 mg GAE/g and 8.70 0.01 mg GAE/g respectively. Total flavonol contents; 207.10 11.53 mg QE/g, 196.08 5.53 mg QE/g and 112.04 8.27 mg QE/g respectively. Total flavonoid contents; 240.99 9.50 mg QE/g, 252.52 3.73 mg QE/g and 123.88 5.58 mg QE/g respectively. FRAP values were 679.14 0.45 mmol/g, 611.90 7.09 mmol/g and 292.07 11.38mmol/g respectively. ABTS activity of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 24.30 5.86 mg AAE/g, 14.49 1.02 mg AAE/g and 7.00 0.57 mg AAE/g respectively, methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage DPPH Inhibition value of 42.64 5.13, followed by aqueous (31.77 4.08) at 0.25mg/ml while aqueous had the highest (52.63 0.67), followed by methanol extract (44.80 2.80) at 0.50mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage inhibition of Nitric Oxide with a value of 59.74 1.30, followed by methanol extract (46.11 2.54) at 0.25mg/ml. inhibition for aqueous was also highest at 0.5 mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage lipid peroxidation inhibition value of 22.66 2.93, followed by methanol leaf extract with the value of 18.89 0.80 while at 0.50mg/ml methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation (39.42 3.10), followed by aqueous leaf extract with the value of 31.48 1.61. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana displayed potent antioxidant effects with the aqueous having an edge. This present study therefore supports the view that Acalypha wilkesiana can be used in the management of oxidative stress and other related diseases.

Xanthium strumarium L. finds therapeutic applications in traditional medicines. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and to determine the total phenolic contents (TPCs) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water extracts obtained from the leaves and stem bark of X. strumarium. Maceration and hot solvent extraction techniques were used to obtain various solvent extracts. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric-reducing power assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods were used to determine the TPCs and TFCs, respectively. The extracts from the leaves and stem bark exhibited radical scavenging activity in the ranges of 18.06 ± 0.3-185.67 ± 11.54% and 9.13 ± 0.54-84.18 ± 0.92%, respectively at a concentration range of 200-3000 µg/ml. The positive control, ascorbic acid, exhibited radical scavenging activity in a range of 56.64 ± 1.26-88.98 ± 0.31% at a concentration range of 200-3000 µg/ml. Additionally, the IC50 values of all these extracts were determined. The hexane and chloroform extracts from both leaves and stem bark and methanol leaf extract were found to be the most potent extracts with an IC50 value of < 200 µg/ml for each extract. The IC50 value of positive control, ascorbic acid was determined to be < 200 µg/ml. Furthermore, in the ferric-reducing power assay, ethyl acetate extract from both leaves and stem bark exhibited the highest ferric-reducing power of 0.996 ± 0.101 and 0.947 ± 0.018 at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. Moreover, the methanol extract from the leaves showed the highest TPCs of 133.41 ± 3.23 mg GAE/g of DW of extract followed by the methanol extract from stem bark and the acetone extract from the leaves with TPCs of 121.21 ± 3.14 and 118.01 ± 1.85 mg GAE/g of DW of extract, respectively. Similarly, the methanol extract from the leaves also showed the highest TFCs of 20.61 ± 1.81 mg QE/g of DW of extract followed by the methanol extract from stem bark with TFCs of 14.90 ± 1.18 mg QE/g of DW of extract. From this study, we concluded that various extracts obtained from the leaves and stem bark of X. strumarium exhibited a moderate-to-strong radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing power and possessed a significant amount of TPCs and TFCs.

The main aim of this study was to determine Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, terpenoid content, steroid content and analyze the antioxidant activity of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii. Correlation between antioxidant activities and total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, terpenoid content and steroid content were also analyzed. The total phenolic content in E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts were found to be 10.16 mg GAE/g, 24.73 mg GAE/g, 26.11 mg GAE/g, and 24.85 mg GAE/g sample dry weight respectively. The Total flavonoid content of E. rheedii hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous leaf extracts was found to be 8.433 mg QE/g, 8.730 mg QE/g, 8.607 mg QE/g, and 8.545 mg QE/g respectively. Hexane extract showed the highest steroid content at 32.75 g/mL, followed by ethyl acetate extract at 31.37 g/mL. The methanol extract and aqueous extract had the lowest steroid content at 22.2 g/mL and 21.21 g/mL, respectively. Terpenoid content was the highest in hexane extract with 62 mg/100 mg of dry extract, followed by the ethyl acetate extract with 45 mg/100 mg dry extract. The total content of terpenoids in the methanol extract was 25 mg/100 mg dry extract and the total content of terpenoids was lowest in the aqueous extract with 18 mg/100 mg dry extract. In 1-1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazine Free Radical Scavenging (DPPH) Assay, the methanol extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 173.581 μg/mL while the hexane extract showed the lowest activity; with IC50 value of 389.13 μg/mL. Reducing power assay was evaluated and aqueous extract was shown to possess the highest reducing power. Evaluation of total antioxidant capacity by phosphomolybdenum assay indicated that methanol extract had the highest antioxidant capacity. Significant correlations were also found between Total Phenol Content, Total flavonoid Content, and antioxidant activities of different leaf extracts of Entada rheedii.

Background: Medicinal plants such as Acalypha plant has been employed in traditional medicine for the treatment of fungal skin infections affecting children in Nigeria. Objective: In this study, the phytochemical constituent of acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Acalypha godseffiana were investigated to correlate its observed antifungal activity. Methods: Using standard methods, the phytochemical components of the leaf of Acalypha godseffiana were extracted with different solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol and water), analysed and quantified. Their antifungal activities were assessed with their minimum inhibitory concentrations using serial dilution method. Results: The methanol extract with best yield (8.18%) extracted all the screened metabolites while the aqueous extract with similar yield (8.28%) extracted the least quantities of the metabolites. The methanolic extract also had the highest flavonoid content (379.66 mg/mL), acetone extracted the highest proanthocyanidin (264.67 mg/mL), ethanolic extract had the highest phenolics (208.03 mg/ mL) while the aqueous extract had the least of the polyphenolic compounds. The methanolic leaf extract of the plant showed stronger antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with less MIC (0.098 mg/mL) compared to standard antifungal drugs nystatin (MIC 0.250mg/mL) and ketoconazole (MIC 0.250 mg/mL). Acetone extract (MIC 0.781 mg/mL) also showed significant but less antifungal activity against Trychophyton mucoides compared to nystatin (MIC 0.500 mg/mL). Conclusion: The significant antifungal activities of the leave extracts of A. godseffiana may be attributed to its high flavonoid, saponin, phenolics and proanthocyanidin contents in the acetone and methanolic extracts. The results may justify the use of Acalypha godseffiana leaves in folk medicine for treatment of fungal skin infection and may serve as lead to future synthesis of a potent antifungal drug.

Anti sickling potential and chemical profiling of traditionally used Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz leaves

Diabetes mellitus constitutes a global public health concern and dietary approach is key to the control and prevention of lethal complications. This study investigated the hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects of Xanthosoma sagittifolium-incorporated diets in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Seventy normoglycemic male Wistar strain albino rats (120 to 200 g) were divided into two groups of thirty-five each. Group 1 was randomly distributed into seven subgroups and each subgroup assigned to 100% rat pellets, X. sagittifolium-incorporated rat pellet (25, 50 and 75%), 100% X. sagittifolium , 100% X. sagittifolium + Glibenclamide (oral hypoglycaemic agent for treatment of diabetes) or 100% rat pellets + Glibenclamide. Diabetes was induced in Group 2 rats fasted for 12 h by intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan (100 mg/kg body weight). Initial fasting blood glucose levels (BGL) were recorded, and alloxan-treated rats with BGL >200 mg/dl 48 h post-induction were considered diabetic and divided into seven subgroups. Dietary treatment was carried out, and blood glucose level (BGL) monitored for 14 days. Data obtained were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc test at p< 0.05. X. sagittifolium caused a significant reduction in the BGL of alloxan-induced diabetic rats (p<0.05) but no hypoglycemic effect in normoglycemic rats. Rats fed 25% (BGL:165.2±16.9 mg/dl), 50% (BGL: 189.2±15.9 mg/dl) and 75% (BGL:152.0±23.0 mg/dl) X. sagittifolium showed better control of BGL by 24 h post-prandial compared with rats administered glibenclamide (BGL: 195.0±18.6 mg/dl) and 100% X. sagittifolium (BGL: 221.0±17.0 mg/dl). Rats fed 75% (BGL: 118.4±11.0 mg/dl) or 100% (BGL: 97.0±17.1 mg/dl) X. sagittifolium had better controlled BGL compared with rats fed pellets and pellets + glibenclamide (BGL: 154.2±19.8 mg/dl) on day 7. X. sagittifolium corm has an antihyperglycemic effect, and its consumption should be encouraged among diabetic patients as a good replacement for other high-calorie diets. Key words: Antihyperglycemic effect, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, diabetes mellitus, albino rat.

ABSTRACTThe antioxidant activities of oat groat extracts using different solvents were investigated. For acetone, hexane, and methanol extracts, the total phenolic compound contents were 12.83, 8.56, and 26.17 μg of catechin equivalent/g, respectively. Their corresponding free radical scavenging activities measured using the DPPH (2,2'‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) method were 0.68, 0.35, and 0.79 μmol of Trolox equivalent/g, respectively. All oat extracts presented significantly greater capability in preventing cholesterol oxidation than the control (no extract added) during heating at the three levels of addition (1, 5, and 10 mg). The capability of the hexane or acetone extract in preventing cholesterol oxidation was not as effective as the methanol extract. In the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) oxidation test, all oat extracts at the level of 5 and 10 mg had greater inhibition capability on DHA oxidation than the control (DHA only). No significant inhibition was found for the hexane and acetone extract at the level of 1 mg, except for the methanol extract. The capabilities of oat extracts to inhibit oxidation of cholesterol and DHA from high to low was methanol, acetone, and hexane extract, which agreed with their free radical scavenging activities and total phenolic compound contents.

The most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in humans worldwide is infection with Campylobacter species, particularly Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. The disease is zoonotic and domestic animals such as poultry, pigs and cattle may act as reservoirs. Colibacillosis is caused by Escherichia coli which is both a food and water borne zoonotic disease from poultry, calves and pigs. The development of resistant strains against the conventional antibiotics has reduced the efficacy of the antibiotics. Therefore, there is urgency to develop drug leads or templates with good activity against these pathogens. The antibacterial activity and safety of acetone, methanol, hot and cold aqueous leaf extracts of Morinda lucida and Acalypha wilkesiana on Campylobacter coli and selected clinical isolates of Escherichia coli was investigated in vitro using serial microdilution and cytotoxicity assays. The MIC values of selected plant extracts against the test organisms generally ranged from 0.03 to 2.50 mg/ml. MIC values of the acetone extracts ranged from 0.03 to 0.46 mg/ml, methanolic extract MICs ranged from 0.15 to 0.78 mg/ml, cold aqueous extract MICs ranged from 0.03 to 2.50 mg/ml while MICs of the hot aqueous extracts ranged from 0.03 to 1.25 mg/ml. The MIC of the positive control, gentamicin, against Campylobacter species ranged from 0.001 to 0.62 mg/ml while those of Escherichia isolates were extremely promising, ranging from 0.0002 to 0.001 mg/ml. The LC50 values of the acetone and cold aqueous extracts of Morinda lucida against the intestinal CaCo‐2 cell line were 0.46 and 0.58 mg/ml respectively while those of acetone, methanolic and hot aqueous extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana were 1.56, 0.11 and 0.19 mg/ml respectively. The selectivity index (SI) values of the acetone extract of Morinda lucida ranged from 2.55 to 9.20 while those of the cold aqueous extracts ranged from 0.23 to 19.33 with the acetone extract having better SI than the cold aqueous extract. The SI values of the acetone extract of Acalypha wilkesiana ranged from 2.22 to 52, methanolic extract ranged from 0.14 to 0.73 and hot aqueous extract ranged from 0.15 to 6.33 with the acetone extract having the best SI relative to cold aqueous, methanolic and hot aqueous extracts of both plant extracts, indicating that the observed antimicrobial activity was not due to toxicity to mammalian cells. These results highlight the potential of Morinda lucida and Acalypha wilkesiana as an alternative for treatment of campylobacteriosis and colibacillosis in poultry. However, in vivo data is necessary to determine the potential usefulness of these plant speciesThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Moringa oleifera is a perennial deciduous plant abundant in tropical countries that contains many important bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial, and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the methanol and hexane leaf extracts of the plant collected from Nepal. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of a wide spectrum of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, etc. Methanol and hexane extracts showed the presence of significant quantities of total phenolics (207.75± 2.75 mg GAE/g, and 137.09 ± 1.1 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids (94.56 ± 1.88 mg QE/g, and 82.71 ± 1.47 mg QE/g) respectively. The methanol extract exhibited higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The half-maximal concentration causing 50% inhibition of the radical (IC50) of methanol and hexane extracts was 39.19 ± 0.33 and 61.07 ± 1.46 μg/mL respectively which are comparable to that of standard ascorbic acid (28.90 ± 0.24 μg/mL. Methanol extract of M. oleifera leaves showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC700603). In-vitro antidiabetic activity was performed by a starch-iodine method using α-amylase enzyme and methanol extract showed significant antidiabetic activity (IC50 value 31.78 ± 0.52 μg/mL). The results of this study corroborate the potential application of the plant in traditional medicine and the drug discovery process.

Natural products continue to provide unique structural diversity in comparison to standard combinatorial chemistry, which presents opportunities for discovering mainly novel low molecular weight lead compounds. Homalium zeylanicum belonging to family Flacourtiaceae is an important medicinal plant having traditional uses in diabetes, rheumatism and wound healing activities. Chromatographic methods like TLC and HPLC were used for the separation and identification of flavonoids present in methanolic and aqueous leaf extract was studied. The chromatographic methods available for the separation of flavonoids in TLC and HPLC were adopted for the study. Three compounds were identified in TLC study in methanolic leaf extracts. In HPLC analysis, peaks corresponding to flavonoids were obtained and were identified by comparing with literature and confirm that methanolic extract contains Rutin, Quercetin and Myricetin where as in aqueous extract Quercetin, Myricetin and Kaempferol were observed. The anti diabetic activity of isolated compounds was determined by literature and confirms that compounds were found to having potent anti diabetic activity. This proves that the anti-diabetic activity of Homalium zeylanicum was due to the presence of these bio-active compounds

Background: Over the past decades, little attention is paid to using herbal remedies to improve various diseases, especially cancer. Moringa oleifera (MO) is one of the herbs with numerous medicinal properties. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of methanolic leaf extract on human liver cancer HepG2 cell lines. Methods: First methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera flavonoid compounds were measured, and then quercetin was identified as one of the flavonoid compounds in methanolic leaf extract by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HepG-2 cell line were treated with (0, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 µg/mL) methanolic extract of MO, quercetin (50 µg/mL), and doxorubicin (1 µg/mL). After 48 hours, the cytotoxic activity of various concentrations of MO methanolic extract against the liver cancer cell line was assessed using an MTT assay. Results: In this study, the total flavonoids and quercetin in the leaves of MO was, respectively, 3.69 (mg/g) and 0.064 (mg/g) of dry weight. Methanolic leaf extract demonstrated a significant effect (IC50 = 12.89 µg/mL) on HepG2 cell lines. Conclusions: Evaluation of cytotoxicity effects showed that HepG2 viability methanolic extract was concentration-dependent and decreased with increasing concentration of the extract. Comparison of the effect of the extract with doxorubicin and pure quercetin showed that the effect of the concentration of 70 µg/mL methanolic extract and pure quercetin and doxorubicin on liver cancer cells were similar. Also, the results showed that methanolic leaf extract has cytotoxic effects on the HepG-2 cell line and inhibits the growth of liver cancer cells.

The total phenols, flavonoids and carotenoids contents of Samadera indica methanol extracts of leaf, bark, seed, root and seed pod were determined. Among the methanol extracts of leaf, bark, seed, root and seed pod, the total phenols, flavonoids and carotenoids contents were found to be 105.67±0.243 mg catechol equivalent per gram for seed, 136.28±1.26 mg quercetin equivalent per gram for bark and 82.37 ±0.842 mg β-carotene equivalent per gram for seed which are higher than the activity of other extracts of the plant. The antioxidant activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaf, bark, seed, root and seedpod of Samadera indica were established. The IC50value was found lower for bark methanol extracts 43.7±1.08 μg/ml for DPPH assay, seed methanol exhibited higher activity towards reducing power assay, lower IC50 value for seed methanol extracts 44.74±0.249 μg/ml for metal chelating assay, in phosphomolybdenum assay higher activity found for seed methanol extracts 199.08 mg/mlequ of ascorbic acid/100g of the plant extracts. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity found to be higher for seed methanol extracts i.e. 78%. Significant activity towards antibacterial assay was exhibited by Samadera indica methanol extracts. 100% cytotoxicity observed by bark and leaf methanol extracts of the plant at 200 mg/ml dosage. These results confer the synergic effect of phenol, flavonoid and carotenoid contents in the plant extracts against degradative bioreactions. Further studies are needed to explore the potential compound from Samadera indica since which has high potential to be used in drug formulation.

Evaluation of anti-diabetic and antihypertensive activity of Phoenix sylvestris (L.)Roxb leaves extract and quantification of biomarker Quercetin by HPTLC

In the Philippines,Cycasspp. are found in Luzon Island particularly in Pampanga, Batangas, Bataan and Isabela provinces.. In this study, the bioactive potentials of the crude methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl acetate and chloroform leaf extracts ofCycas riuminianaPorte ex Regel were investigated. Based on the results of the four solvents used, the best extraction solvent for the phytochemicals is ethanol, followed by methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform. The ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts showed comparable antioxidant activity. The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts also have comparable antioxidant activity but significantly lower than both methanolic and ethanolic extracts. However the greatest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract, followed by chloroform, methanolic and ethanolic extracts. The variation and similarity in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the different extracts can be attributed to different mechanisms of interactions, namely, independent joint action, additive, synergistic, competitive or antagonistic interactions, among the bioactive compounds present in the crude extracts. Further studies are needed to elucidate the structure of the different phytochemicals present in the leaf extracts of Arayat Pitogo (C. riuminianaPorte ex Regel) and the specific mechanisms of interaction among these phytochemicals. SUMMARY The extracts were tested for the presence (trace, moderate or abundant amounts) of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, alkaloids, sterols and glycosides. The ethanolic extract was positive for all phytochemicals screened with sterols, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins being abundant, alkaloids being moderate and triterpenes and saponins in trace amounts. The methanolic extract was also positive for all constituents but in trace amounts, except for flavonoids which were abundant. The ethyl acetate extract contained abundant sterols, moderate alkaloids and trace amounts of saponins, glycosides and tannins. Finally, the chloroform extract contained abundant sterols, and trace amounts of alkaloids, saponins and glycosides. The radical scavenging assay revealed that the highest percent inhibition was obtained for the ethanolic leaf extract (60.53±0.7801%), followed by methanolic extract (59.92±3.160%), chloroform extract (50.17±4.779%) and ethyl acetate extract (47.25±3.759%). In terms of antibacterial activity, the ethyl acetate extract registered the highest inhibition against the three test organisms, namely,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilisandEscherichia coli. The chloroform extract inhibitedS. aureusandB. subtilis. The methanol extract inhibitedS. aureusonly. Finally, the ethanolic extract failed to inhibit any of the test organisms despite its abundant phytochemicals and high antioxidant activity. In terms of antifungal activity, the different extracts inhibitedCandida albicanswith the ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts showing a high degree of inhibition followed by the methanolic and ethanolic extracts. However, none of the extracts showed any bioactivity againstAspergillus niger.