Abstract
The microbial contamination in food packaging has been a major concern that has paved the way to search for novel, natural anti-microbial agents, such as modified α-mangostin. In the present study, twelve synthetic analogs were obtained through semi-synthetic modification of α-mangostin by Ritter reaction, reduction by palladium-carbon (Pd-C), alkylation, and acetylation. The evaluation of the anti-microbial potential of the synthetic analogs showed higher bactericidal activity than the parent molecule. The anti-microbial studies proved that I E showed high anti-bacterial activity whereas I I showed the highest anti-fungal activity. Due to their microbicidal potential, modified α-mangostin derivatives could be utilized as active anti-microbial agents in materials for the biomedical and food industry.
Highlights
The fruit of Garcinia mangostana Linn., of the family Guttiferae, has been used in Asian traditional medicines for the treatment of skin infections, wounds, diarrhea, dysentery, suppuration, leucorrhea, chronic ulcers, and gonorrhea [1,2]
We describe the selective enrichment of α-mangostin its semi-synthetic modification, the products generated, their chemical structure, and the inhibition activity against four pathogens, two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria, and two fungi, evaluated as diameter or halo of growth inhibition
We have shown the semi-synthetic modification of α-mangostin using the Ritter reaction reduction by palladium-carbon (Pd-C), alkylation, and acetylation
Summary
The fruit of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (mangosteen), of the family Guttiferae, has been used in Asian traditional medicines for the treatment of skin infections, wounds, diarrhea, dysentery, suppuration, leucorrhea, chronic ulcers, and gonorrhea [1,2]. (mangosteen), of the family Guttiferae, has been used in Asian traditional medicines for the treatment of skin infections, wounds, diarrhea, dysentery, suppuration, leucorrhea, chronic ulcers, and gonorrhea [1,2]. The pericarp of the fruit contains high amounts of xanthones, such as α-mangostin (Figure 1), β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, etc., and considerable amounts of other bioactive compounds, such as terpenes, anthocyanins, tannins, flavonoids and polyphenols [4]. Xanthones are naturally-occurring compounds with a distinct chemical structure, known as tricyclic aromatic system, with known antibacterial properties [5]. Natural compounds with antibacterial properties may be applied to treat local infections [5,6,7], wounds and lesions difficult to heal, circumventing antibiotic resistant pathogens with multidrug resistance (MDR) genes, or may be combined with antibiotics to increase their effect. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of a chemical that prevents
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