Abstract
Delphinidin-3-O-β-glucoside (D3G) is a health-promoting anthocyanin whose anti-obesity activity has not yet been thoroughly investigated. We examined the effects of D3G on adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and primary white adipocytes using real-time RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. D3G significantly inhibited the accumulation of lipids in a dose-dependent manner without displaying cytotoxicity. In the 3T3-L1 adipocytes, D3G downregulated the expression of key adipogenic and lipogenic markers, which are known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Moreover, the relative protein expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) were increased, alongside reduced lipid levels and the presence of several small lipid droplets. Furthermore, D3G increased the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which suggests that D3G may play a role in AMPK and ACC activation in adipocytes. Our data indicate that D3G attenuates adipogenesis and promotes lipid metabolism by activating AMPK-mediated signaling, and, hence, could have a therapeutic role in the management and treatment of obesity.
Highlights
Anthocyanins are water-soluble phytochemicals present in pigmented vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves, and seeds [1]
Since little information is available regarding the anti-obesity effects of D3G, this study aimed to describe these effects, which found that D3G inhibited adipocyte cell differentiation and lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and primary white adipocytes (PWATs)
These results show that D3G reduced the expression of important adipogenic transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Summary
Anthocyanins are water-soluble phytochemicals present in pigmented vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves, and seeds [1]. A total of 635 structurally different anthocyanins have been reported and classified into six common types [2,3]. Anthocyanins have potential anti-oxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anti-cancerous, and anti-obesity bioactivities [3,4,5,6]. Recent studies have reported that anthocyanin-rich fruits, including cranberries [7], polyphenolic extract [8], and Vitis coingnetiae (Meoru in Korea) [9] have potential anti-obesity activities, while a review article recently summarized the anti-obesity effects of berries. Cy is found in 50% of plants and its anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential has been documented [12,13,14,15]
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