Anthropometric-Parameters and Total-Cholesterol to HDL-Cholesterol Ratio are Better in Long-Distance Cyclists (Indonesia North Coast and Tour de Borobudur 2017 Study)

Mahalul Azam,Martha Irene Kartasurya,Arulita Ika Fibriana,Sri Ratna Rahayu,Udin Bahrudin,Hardhono Susanto

doi:10.15294/kemas.v14i2.14506

Mahalul Azam, Martha Irene Kartasurya + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v14i2.14506

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Abstract

Total-Cholesterol (TC) to HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio in athletes is well-known to be better than sedentary people. However, information about comparison of TC/HDL-C in different groups of cyclists based on cycling touring characteristics and anthropometry parameters is lacking. This study aimed to compare TC/HDL-C ratio between groups based on the type of tour in cyclists population. Eighty-eight participants were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Mean differences of parameters between groups was analyzed by One-Way Anova and independent t-test, whereas multivariate analyses was conducted by binary logistic-regression. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. TC/HDL-C ratio in all groups were less than 4.5. There is no differences of TC-levels (NC240K: 216.6±55.04, TdB140K: 208.1±27.13, TdB100K: 203.1±31.95; p=0.427). But there is significantly different level of HDL-C (NC240K: 68.9±19.09, TdB140K: 52.1±13.9, TdB100K: 53.6±12.45; p=0.0001) and TC/HDL-C ratio (NC240K: 3.3±1.12, TdB140K: 4.2±1.07, TdB100K: 4.0±1.06; p=0.007). Between TC/HDL ratio groups (≥4 or <4), there were differences of weight, BMI, waist-circumference, hip-circumference and type of tour (p<0.05). Finally, BMI and type of tour were the most influential factor. Long-distance cyclists have a synergistic effect of lipid profile and anthropometry measurements, and heavier cycling tour participant, that represent cycling training habits, tend to have lower TC/HDL ratio(< 4).

Highlights

Numerous studies show that levels of HDL and total cholesterol ratio is a major predictor for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) (Arquer, 2006; Lemieux, 2011; Riwanto, 2013)
The Framingham study about cardiovascular risk factors has shown that a decrease in plasma HDL cholesterol levels are associated with increased risk of CAD, with levels of HDL less than 40 mg/dl as a major risk factor of CAD, while HDL levels of more than 60 mg/ dL protects against CAD occurrence (Penalva, 2003; Natarajan, Ray, 2010; Azam, 2017)
Characteristics of participants based on age and anthropometry parameters was presented in Table 1 which showed no significant difference in all parameters, i.e. age, weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist to hip circumference ratio

Summary

Introduction

Numerous studies show that levels of HDL and total cholesterol ratio is a major predictor for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) (Arquer, 2006; Lemieux, 2011; Riwanto, 2013). Study in Spain for amateur and professional cyclists found a difference in average total cholesterol and HDL level, and TC/HDL ratio profile These parameters are compared to high intensity workouts for long periods (Aguiló, 2003). All participants completed a questionnaire about subject characteristics, health conditions, medical history and the intensity of daily cycling activities Participants have their anthropometric profile measured, i.e. weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference and waist to hip ratio. Characteristics of participants based on age and anthropometry parameters was presented in Table 1 which showed no significant difference in all parameters, i.e. age, weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist to hip circumference ratio These data showed that all parameters were not influenced by the distance of the tour.

Characteristic of Workout and Exercise Frequency

Findings

Type of tour