Abstract
This study aims to develop a spatial high-resolution emission inventory (2 km × 2 km) of criteria air pollutants (CO, NOx, SO2 and PM10) for National Capital Region (NCR), Delhi. The inventory is centered at the metropolitan area of Delhi, and includes adjoining parts of the neighboring states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh within an area of 70 km by 70 km for the year 2010. The bottom-up gridded emission inventory has been prepared taking into account land use pattern, population density as well as industrial areas which includes major emission sources of the region, namely vehicular exhaust, road-dust re-suspension, domestic, industrial, power plants, brick kilns, aircrafts and waste sectors. Data corresponding to various sectors along with related emission factors have been acquired from literature and various regulatory bodies for the study domain. The results reveal that total estimated emissions from vehicular exhaust, road dust and power plants contribute nearly 52%, 83%, 74% and 54% of PM10, SO2, NOx and CO emission respectively. Transport sector has been found as the bulk contributor towards CO and NOx emissions. Coal-fired power plants corresponds to the most polluting sector with regard to SO2 contributing ~67%. Power plants Badarpur, Rajghat, Indraprastha and Faridabad power plant emerged as the primary hotspots for SO2 and PM10 emissions. Further, Primary and secondary emission hotspots for each criteria pollutant has been identified and discussed in detail for the year 2010. In addition to it, forward trajectory analysis has been performed to assess the impact of emissions over the regional scale. Finally, a qualitative approach has been employed to assess the uncertainty in the emission estimates.
Highlights
Rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the tremendous rise in population of Delhi, the capital city of India and its surrounding areas, which has further led to increase in energy consumption and remarkable increase in vehicle fleet, this has raised serious environmental concerns in the region
The present study focuses on emissions from power plants (PP), industrial sources (IS), brick kilns (BK), domestic sources (DS), on-road vehicular sources (VS), waste and open burning sources (WS), Landing and Take-off cycle Aircraft emissions (LTO) and road dust (RD)
Approximately 1% of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are contributed by aircrafts, which may rise at a very fast pace in near future in order to meet urban demand
Summary
Rapid urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the tremendous rise in population of Delhi, the capital city of India and its surrounding areas, which has further led to increase in energy consumption and remarkable increase in vehicle fleet, this has raised serious environmental concerns in the region. With a human population of ~16 million (Singh and Dey, 2012), is ranked among the top 20 most polluted cities in the world according to WHO Ambient Air Pollution Database Report, (2014). The number of vehicles registered in Delhi has already reached 6 million in 2010 (Delhi Statistical Handbook (DSH), 2012) and another 2.2 million vehicles mostly from the surrounding areas namely– Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Bahadurgarh and Sonipat contribute to total vehicular population (Sahu et al, 2011), which are responsible for degrading the air quality (Sindhwani and Goyal, 2014). The estimated emission of pollutants from automobiles in Delhi exceeds 1.3 kt every year (Goyal and Siddhartha, 2003) and contributed almost 64% to the total pollution in Sindhwani et al, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15: 1681–1697, 2015
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