Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble, colored compounds of the flavonoid class, abundantly found in the fruits, leaves, roots, and other parts of the plants. The fruit berries are prime sources and exhibit different colors. The anthocyanins utility as traditional medicament for liver protection and cure, and importance as strongest plants-based anti-oxidants have conferred these plants products different biological activities. These activities include anti-inflammation, liver protective, analgesic, and anti-cancers, which have provided the anthocyanins an immense commercial value, and has impelled their chemistry, biological activity, isolation, and quality investigations as prime focus. Methods in extraction and production of anthocyanin-based products have assumed vital economic importance. Different extraction techniques in aquatic solvents mixtures, eutectic solvents, and other chemically reactive extractions including low acid concentrations-based extractions have been developed. The prophylactic and curative therapy roles of the anthocyanins, together with no reported toxicity has offered much-needed impetus and economic benefits to these classes of compounds which are commercially available. Information retrieval from various search engines, including the PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, Scopus®, and Google Scholar®, were used in the review preparation. This imparted an outlook on the anthocyanins occurrence, roles in plants, isolation-extraction, structures, biosynthetic as well as semi- and total-synthetic pathways, product quality and yields enhancements, including uses as part of traditional medicines, and uses in liver disorders, prophylactic and therapeutic applications in liver protection and longevity, liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. The review also highlights the integrated approach to yields maximizations to meet the regular demands of the anthocyanins products, also as part of the extract-rich preparations together with a listing of marketed products available for human consumption as nutraceuticals/food supplements.
Highlights
Perspective, Scope, and Methodology for Information Retrieval of Anthocyanins The interest and information on anthocyanins, and its aglycone precursors, anthocyanidins, as being part of the phenolics-rich and flavonoid class of products, with exhibitions of a wide spectrum of different biological activity and broadly considered health benefits is of immense value
The structural variations of the anthocyanins class are tremendous with over 700 products categorized based on their 27 major structural types which have been sub-divided into sections with the positional substitutions, substitution types, sugar variations, as well as into acetylated and non-acetylated anthocyanin products
The anthocyanins have been used as protective agents against heart, liver, and brain disorders, as well as consumed for general health-well-being, obesity, stress, anti-inflammation, which is attributed to their strong antioxidant properties
Summary
The anthocyanins play beneficial role as a protective barrier for plants against high influx of light intensity, and the UV-B light [33]. Anthocyanidin, the aglycone molecular framework constituting the anthocyanins, have been identified based on their 27 distinct types, which produce the different anth5oocfy4a1 nins by virtue of their structural variations. For Arabidopsis 35S::AcMYB75 plants, the altered expression of the biosynthetic genes have been reported to produce significant levels of anthocyanins in the leaves which involved the ternary complex-transcription factors MYB90, MYB113, and MYB114 of the family R2R3-MYB [128]. The MYB75, phosphorylated by MPK4 increased the stability of the gene and its activity, thereby resulting in excess anthocyanins production in the cells cytosol, while in the dark conditions, the MYB75, and the MYB90 factors were found to be degraded through proteasome by the COP1-SPA-105 (CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1/SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105) complex [139]. The extensive needs, and wider-angle applications of the plant anthocyanins have continuously driven the refinement of the recombinant means to produce anthocyanin class of compounds
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