Abstract
Anthocyanins (ANTs) are plant pigments that belong to a flavanol class of polyphenols and have diverse pharmacological properties. These compounds are primarily found in fruits and vegetables, with an average daily intake of 180 mgd−1 of these compounds in the developed world. ANTs are potent antioxidants that might regulate the free radical-mediated generation of amyloid peptides (Abeta-amyloids) in the brain, which causes Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study presents a literature review of ANTs from different berries and their potential therapeutic value, with particular emphasis on neurodegenerative AD, which owing to oxidative stress. This review also highlights reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through energy metabolism, nitrogen reactive species, the role of transition metals in generating ROS, and the radical-quenching mechanisms of natural antioxidants, including ANTs. The current status of the bioavailability, solubility, and structure activity relationship of ANTs is discussed herein.
Highlights
By definition, berries are small fleshy fruits produced from a single ovary
Mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression might be subdued by ANTs owing to their ability to inhibit apoptosis induced by Abeta, reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduce intracellular calcium; ANTs elevate ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential
Fruits, and vegetables are exceptionally rich in anthocyanins, which are potent antioxidants
Summary
Berries are small fleshy fruits produced from a single ovary. Berries from eight plant species are considered the healthiest fruit for consumption, namely strawberries, acai berries, grapes, blueberries, goji berries, bilberries, raspberries, and cranberries. Epidemiological and preclinical studies have shown that the polyphenols of red wine contribute in modulating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [5] One such polyphenol is quercetin-3-O-glucoside (QG), which is a component of many vegetables and fruits, including apples, grapes, black tea, green tea, broccoli, and red onions. Quercetin (Figure 2) is a polyphenolic bioflavonoid that is highly concentrated in red wine, of the G protein-coupled α,β-estrogen receptors, which is activated by 17β-estradiol, in addition grapes, broccoli, citrus, and red and yellow onions. Quercetin-3-O-glucosides (Q-3-G) exhibit estrogenic-like behavioritswith non-specificand its metabolite quercetin-3-O-glucuronide are brain-targeting molecules that may be effective proteins kinase inhibitor activities, and they promote estrogenic receptors [22,24]. Focuses on how ANTs can be used to alleviate cognitive issues in AD
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