Abstract
Anthocyanins, the most prevalent flavonoids in red/purple fruits and vegetables, are known to improve immune responses and reduce chronic disease risks. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activities of an anthocyanin-rich extract from red Chinese cabbage (ArCC) were shown based on its inhibitory effects in cultured endothelial cells and hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. ArCC treatment suppressed monocyte adhesion to tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated endothelial cells. This was validated by ArCC’s ability to downregulate the expression and transcription of endothelial adhesion molecules, determined by immunoblot and luciferase promoter assays, respectively. The regulation of adhesion molecules was accompanied by transcriptional inhibition of nuclear factor-κB, which restricted cytoplasmic localization as shown by immunocytochemistry. Administration of ArCC (150 or 300 mg/kg/day) inhibited aortic inflammation in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, as shown by in vivo imaging. Immunohistochemistry and plasma analysis showed that the aortas from these mice exhibited markedly lower leukocyte infiltration, reduced plaque formation, and lower concentrations of blood inflammatory cytokines than those observed in the control mice. The results suggest that the consumption of anthocyanin-rich red Chinese cabbage is closely correlated with lowering the risk of vascular inflammatory diseases.
Highlights
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in aging populations
The anthocyanin-rich extract from red Chinese cabbage (ArCC)-mediated anti-inflammatory effects were not restricted to cultured endothelial cells because the inhibition of plaque formation in the arteries of hyperlipidemic ApoE−/− mice by daily ArCC administration correlated with a decrease in inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecule expression on the surface of the arterial endothelium
Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that consumption of cruciferous vegetables rich in anthocyanins is associated with lower incidences of human chronic vascular inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic coronary heart disease, and oxidative stress-related disorders [24,25,26]
Summary
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in aging populations. It is a leading cause of mortality worldwide and is predicted to remain a concern for many years [1]. CAD has been described as an epidemic, accounting for approximately 45% of all cardiovascular disease related deaths [2,3]. Chronic vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, result from complex, multistep immune reactions, which eventually lead to the formation of atheromatous plaques, vascular endothelial dysfunction, and disruption of blood flow [4,5]. FurthNerFm-κoBr,e,canutsi-ndgiahbeemticanegffioemctsa orfedbuercrtiyonpo[l1y7p].heAnnothlsoicnydanicina-teentrhicahteidts fbriaocltoiognicsaflraocmtivsittriaews sbperrreiaeds to a regulaintidounceofanceilmluplraorvmemeteanbtoolfistmhebliepyiodnpdrotfhileeirshmoewrienagnatniotixoixdidaannttccaappaacciittyy iinn vhiuvmoa[n19h]e.patoma G2
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