Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Contents in Different Cultivars of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) Flower.

Sang Park,Jae Kim,Sun Chung,Chang Park,Soo-Yun Park,Mariadhas Arasu,Soo Chae,Naif Al-Dhabi,Yong Kim

doi:10.3390/molecules200611090

Abstract

The flowers of twenty-three cultivars of Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat. were investigated to determine anthocyanin and carotenoid levels and to confirm the effects of the pigments on the flower colors using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The cultivars contained the anthocyanins cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3g) and cyanidin 3-(3ʺ-malonoyl) glucoside (C3mg) and the following carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, 13-cis-β-carotene, α-carotene, trans-β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotene. The cultivar “Magic” showed the greatest accumulation of total and individual anthocyanins, including C3g and C3gm. On the other hand, the highest level of lutein and zeaxanthin was noted in the cultivar “Il Weol”. The cultivar “Anastasia” contained the highest amount of carotenoids such as trans-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 13-cis-β-carotene. The highest accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin and α-carotene was noted in the cultivar “Anastasia” and “Il Weol”. Our results suggested that ‘Magic”, “Angel” and “Relance’ had high amounts of anthocyanins and showed a wide range of red and purple colors in their petals, whereas “Il Weol’, “Popcorn Ball’ and “Anastasia” produced higher carotenoid contents and displayed yellow or green petal colors. Interestingly, “Green Pang Pang”, which contained a high level of anthocyanins and a medium level of carotenoids, showed the deep green colored petals. “Kastelli”, had high level of carotenoids as well as a medium level of anthocyanins and showed orange and red colored petals. It was concluded that each pigment is responsible for the petal’s colors and the compositions of the pigments affect their flower colors and that the cultivars could be a good source for pharmaceutical, floriculture, and pigment industries.

Highlights

The garden chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat. (Chrysanthemum morifoliumRamat., Kitamura, 1978), is a perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family
The chromatogram showed three peaks corresponding to three different anthocyanins such as cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3g), cyanidin 3-(3ʺ-malonoyl) glucoside (C3mg), and an unknown anthocyanin by the retention time (Figure 1)
The results of our study suggested the cultivars “Magic”, “Angel”, and “Relance”, which had deep red or purple colored petals, are suitable powerful sources of anthocyanins due to their high anthocyanin contents, whereas

Summary

Introduction

Ramat., Kitamura, 1978), is a perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. The flowers of D. grandiflorum have been consumed as herbal medicines, beverages, and vegetables in China, Japan, Thailand, and the Republic of Korea for centuries [1,2,3]. They are among the most popular cut flowers in the floriculture industry of China, United States, and Europe due to their high ornamental features, including various floral colors and shapes, uniform flowering, and many spray flowers [4,5]. Chrysanthemum cultivars are considered a good source for the extraction of anthocyanins since these cultivars have numerous flowers in a single plant with wide variations of flower color [8]

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