Abstract
We examined the effect of increased anterior subject positioning toward the dynamometer’s footplate during maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVCs) on the joint moment, rotation and rate of torque development (RTD). Fourteen subjects, with their hip flexed (110°) and knee fully extended (180°), underwent ramp maximal and rapid voluntary isometric plantar flexion contractions at 4 different positions (0, 3, 6 and 8 cm; randomized). At position “0 cm”, the foot was in full contact with the footplate; at the additional positions, the chair was moved forward. Body kinematics (VICON) and kinetics (HUMAC Norm, PEDAR) were captured synchronously during MVCs and RTDs. The results showed that the maximal exerted joint moment was significantly (p<0.01) increased by >32% from the 0-cm to 8-cm position (126 and 172 Nm, respectively); however, at the “6 cm” and “8 cm” positions, no significant difference was found. The joint rotation was significantly (p<0.01) reduced by >50% (from 15.5 to 7.1°; 0–8 cm). The maxRTD was only significantly higher at “6 cm” compared with the “0 cm” position. The time to reach maxRTD showed shorter tendencies for the “8 cm” position than for all other positions. The results indicate an underestimation of the plantar flexor maximal force potential with the current measuring technique. This could be critical in pre-post study designs where a 2-cm alteration in the chair position can induce an error of ~9% in the joint moment. The joint rotation could be reduced but not completely eliminated. For position standardization purposes, a pressure >220 kPa under the subject’s foot is needed to achieve the maximal joint moment. We discussed the possible origins (fascicle length, neural drive) of the increased joint moment.
Highlights
The isokinetic dynamometer is a widely used [1,2,3,4,5,6] apparatus to examine the mechanical and morphological properties of the muscle tendon unit
Herzog (1988) [10] showed that the derived measured moment is different from the resultant joint moment in knee extension contractions; the author suggested caution when concluding about the muscle properties
The author further stated that factors that could influence the measuring results include gravitational forces, inertial forces, the elasticity of the dynamometer arm/foot system, the joint rotation and the axis misalignment
Summary
The isokinetic dynamometer is a widely used [1,2,3,4,5,6] apparatus to examine the mechanical and morphological properties of the muscle tendon unit. Most of the scientific research is being conducted in the second type, which is primary developed for rehabilitation and physiotherapy purposes [8]. Herzog (1988) [10] showed that the derived measured moment is different from the resultant joint moment in knee extension contractions; the author suggested caution when concluding about the muscle properties. The same group reported in another study [4] that, at maximal plantar flexion contractions, the difference between the measured and resulted exerted moment could reach, on average, 6–10% (range 0.2–23%). Further studies [2,5] pointed out that, during plantar flexion contraction, an inevitable ankle joint angular rotation occurs that can influence the final results and, must be considered
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