Anterior-cruciate-ligament reconstruction does not alter the knee-extensor moment arm during gait

Abstract

BackgroundThe ability of the quadriceps muscles to extend the knee depends on the moment arm of the knee-extensor mechanism, which is described by the moment arm of the patellar tendon at the knee. The knee-extensor moment may be altered by a change in quadriceps force, a change in the patellar tendon moment arm (PTMA), or both. A change in quadriceps muscle strength after anterior-cruciate-ligament-reconstruction (ACLR) surgery is well documented, however, there is limited knowledge about how this procedure affects the PTMA. Research questionDoes ACLR surgery alter the moment arm of the knee-extensor mechanism during gait? MethodsWe measured the PTMA in both the ACLR knee and the uninjured contralateral knee in 10 young active individuals after unilateral ACLR surgery. Mobile biplane X-ray imaging was used to measure the three-dimensional positions of the femur, tibia and patella during level walking and downhill walking over ground. The PTMA was found from the location of the instantaneous axis of rotation at the knee and the line-of-action of the patellar tendon. ResultsThere was a small but statistically significant difference in the mean PTMA calculated over one cycle of level walking between the ACLR knee and the contralateral knee, with the mean PTMA in the ACLR knee being 1.5 mm larger (p < 0.01). In downhill walking, statistically significant differences were found in the range 15°– 25° of knee flexion, where the PTMA was 4.7 mm larger in the ACLR knee compared to the contralateral knee (p < 0.01). SignificanceSignificant differences were evident in the mean PTMA between the ACLR knee and the contralateral knee in both activities, however, the magnitudes of these differences were relatively small (range: 3–10%), indicating that ACLR surgery successfully restores the moment arm of the knee-extensor mechanism during dynamic activity.