Antarctic Krill Oil Diet Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment.

Ji Choi,Sang-Bae Han,Hyung-Sik Im,Joung Park,Ji Kim,Dong Son,Jin Hong,Jun Jang,Won Choi

doi:10.3390/ijms18122554

Ji Choi, Sang-Bae Han + Show 7 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122554

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Abstract

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are implicated in the development and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of krill oil. Oil from Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill), an Antarctic marine species, is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We examined whether krill oil diet (80 mg/kg/day for one month) prevents amyloidogenesis and cognitive impairment induced by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (250 µg/kg, seven times daily) injections in AD mice model and found that krill oil treatment inhibited the LPS-induced memory loss. We also found that krill oil treatment inhibited the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde levels. Krill oil also suppresses IκB degradation as well as p50 and p65 translocation into the nuclei of LPS-injected mice brain cells. In association with the inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, krill oil suppressed amyloid beta (1–42) peptide generation by the down-regulating APP and BACE1 expression in vivo. We found that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (50 and 100 µM) dose-dependently decreased LPS-induced nitric oxide and ROS generation, and COX-2 and iNOS expression as well as nuclear factor-κB activity in cultured microglial BV-2 cells. These results suggest that krill oil ameliorated impairment via anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-amyloidogenic mechanisms.

Highlights

Dietary intervention with marine products, including marine-derived oils, has been widely used during the past decades
Previous studies have demonstrated that krill oil has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects due to its eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents, which can be absorbed very quickly and cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [5]
We investigate whether Antarctic krill oil has antioxidative and antiinflammatory properties as well as anti-amyloidogenic property against LPS-induced memory dysfunction in cultured neuronal macrophages and in vivo mice models

Summary

Introduction

Dietary intervention with marine products, including marine-derived oils, has been widely used during the past decades. Within the previous three decades, natural marine products have shown many promising activities against inflammation, cancer, infectious diseases and neurological disorders [1]. The consumption of marine products prevents neurodegenerative processes and maintains cognitive capacities in the elderly [2]. Of these products, krill oil can regulate lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress [3]. Previous studies have demonstrated that krill oil has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects due to its eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents, which can be absorbed very quickly and cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [5]. High levels of these components make krill oil more superior than fish oil in terms of its biological effects [8]

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