Abstract
Background Antarctic krill oil (AKO) has strong antioxidant activities and is effective for alleviating coronary heart disease (CHD). Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-NF-E2-related factor 2 (KEAP1-NRF2) axis is a crucial antioxidant signaling pathway. Thus, AKO may exert its antioxidant effects on CHD patients via KEAP1-NRF2 signaling. Methods AKO fatty acid (FA) profiles were analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC). One hundred CHD patients were divided into the intervention (IG, AKO) and control (CG, placebo) groups. Before and after 1, 2, and 3 months of intervention, we measured serum levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and KEAP1 and NRF2 levels in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). Serum FAs were measured by GC at baseline and after 3-month intervention. Results AKO contains rich eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is more than 27% of total FA. The levels of EPA and DHA, KEAP1, and NRF2 in the IG group were higher than those in the CG group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of ROS, 8-OHdG, NO, and MDA in the IG group were lower than those in the CG group, whereas the levels of SOD, GSH, and GPx in the IG group were higher than those in the CG group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of saturated fatty acids (UFA) in the IG group were higher than those in the CG group, whereas reverse results were obtained for the levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Serum levels of EPA and DHA had a strong negative relationship with the level of ROS, whereas the ROS level had a strong negative relationship with the levels of KEAP1-NRF2. Conclusion AKO increases antioxidant capacities of CHD patients via the KEAP1-NRF2 signaling in the PBL.
Highlights
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of global mortality [1]
Antarctic krill oil (AKO) may exert its antioxidant activity by affecting KEAP1-NRF2 signaling via eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). us, this study aimed to measure the EPA and DHA contents in AKO and explore the antioxidant effects of AKO dietary intervention on coronary heart disease (CHD) patients by measuring the levels of oxidative stress-related parameters and KEAP1NRF2
After the reaction solution was cooled on ice, 2 mL of sulfuric acidmethanol solution (0.5 mol/L) was added, and the methylated reaction was further performed in a water bath at 80°C for 45 min; after taking it out again for cooling, 1 mL of chromatographic pure hexane was added for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) extraction, and saturated sodium chloride solution was added to promote the separation of the solution system
Summary
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of global mortality [1]. Treating CHD is challenging mainly due to poor prognosis and clinical outcomes affected by systemic hypertension [2], atherosclerosis [3], and inflammatory factors [4]. EPA and DHA were reported to reduce the risks of heart disease for decades, and there has been increasing evidence that EPA and DHA consumption results in different clinical and molecular effects [12]. Antarctic krill oil (AKO) has strong antioxidant activities and is effective for alleviating coronary heart disease (CHD). Us, AKO may exert its antioxidant effects on CHD patients via KEAP1-NRF2 signaling. Before and after 1, 2, and 3 months of intervention, we measured serum levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and KEAP1 and NRF2 levels in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). AKO increases antioxidant capacities of CHD patients via the KEAP1-NRF2 signaling in the PBL
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