Abstract
Abstract. Antarctic tropospheric clouds are investigated using the DARDAR (raDAR/liDAR)-MASK products between 60 and 82∘ S. The cloud fraction (occurrence frequency) is divided into the supercooled liquid-water-containing cloud (SLC) fraction and its complementary part called the all-ice cloud fraction. A further distinction is made between SLC involving ice (mixed-phase clouds, MPC) or not (USLC, for unglaciated SLC). The low-level (<3 km above surface level) SLC fraction is larger over seas (20 %–60 %), where it varies according to sea ice fraction, than over continental regions (0 %–35 %). The total SLC fraction is much larger over West Antarctica (10 %–40 %) than it is over the Antarctic Plateau (0 %–10 %). In East Antarctica the total SLC fraction – in summer for instance – decreases sharply polewards with increasing surface height (decreasing temperatures) from 40 % at the coast to <5% at 82∘ S on the plateau. The geographical distribution of the continental total all-ice fraction is shaped by the interaction of the main low-pressure systems surrounding the continent and the orography, with little association with the sea ice fraction. Opportunistic comparisons with published ground-based supercooled liquid-water observations at the South Pole in 2009 are made with our SLC fractions at 82∘ S in terms of seasonal variability, showing good agreement. We demonstrate that the largest impact of sea ice on the low-level SLC fraction (and mostly through the MPC) occurs in autumn and winter (22 % and 18 % absolute decrease in the fraction between open water and sea ice-covered regions, respectively), while it is almost null in summer and intermediate in spring (11 %). Monthly variability of the MPC fraction over seas shows a maximum at the end of summer and a minimum in winter. Conversely, the USLC fraction has a maximum at the beginning of summer. However, monthly evolutions of MPC and USLC fractions do not differ on the continent. This suggests a seasonality in the glaciation process in marine liquid-bearing clouds. From the literature, we identify the pattern of the monthly evolution of the MPC fraction as being similar to that of the aerosols in coastal regions, which is related to marine biological activity. Marine bioaerosols are known to be efficient ice-nucleating particles (INPs). The emission of these INPs into the atmosphere from open waters would add to the temperature and sea ice fraction seasonalities as factors explaining the MPC fraction monthly evolution.
Highlights
Antarctic clouds need to be correctly represented in regional and global atmospheric models to improve daily operational forecast as well as future global climate predictions
The deepening of the Amundsen Sea low (ASL) in winter (Fig. 2c) is associated with an increase in the cloud fraction over the WAIS (Fig. 5c), which is consistent with the intense moisture fluxes and higher cloudiness related to the sustained cywww.atmos-chem-phys.net/19/6771/2019/
Vertical and seasonal distribution of the occurrence frequency of supercooled liquid-water-containing clouds (SLCs) in the Antarctic region (60–82◦ S) using the radar–lidar DARDAR-MASK v2 products
Summary
Antarctic clouds need to be correctly represented in regional and global atmospheric models to improve daily operational forecast as well as future global climate predictions. Clouds’ contribution to Antarctica’s ice mass balance via precipitation and to the Antarctic surface energy budget are poorly constrained. The microphysical properties of clouds can affect circulation at much lower latitudes due to the changes they induce in the energy budget and the meridional temperature gradients (Lubin et al, 1998). In the Southern Ocean (SO) and Antarctic seas, clouds cause major radiative biases in climate prediction models (Haynes et al, 2011; Flato et al, 2013; Bodas-Salcedo et al, 2014; Hyder et al, 2018).
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