Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes in human epidermis, resulting in inflammation, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. Adequate protection of skin against the harmful effect of UV irradiation is essential. In recent years naturally occurring herbal compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and high molecular weight polyphenols have gained considerable attention as beneficial protective agents. The simple phenolic veratric acid (VA, 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid) is one of the major benzoic acid derivatives from vegetables and fruits and it also occurs naturally in medicinal mushrooms which have been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. However, it has rarely been applied in skin care. This study, therefore, aimed to explore the possible roles of veratric acid in protection against UVB-induced damage in HaCaT cells. Results showed that veratric acid can attenuate cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) formation, glutathione (GSH) depletion and apoptosis induced by UVB. Furthermore, veratric acid had inhibitory effects on the UVB-induced release of the inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and prostaglandin-E2. We also confirmed the safety and clinical efficacy of veratric acid on human skin. Overall, results demonstrated significant benefits of veratric acid on the protection of keratinocyte against UVB-induced injuries and suggested its potential use in skin photoprotection.
Highlights
Solar ultraviolet light can penetrate the atmosphere and cause most of the commonknown skin disorders [1]
In this study we investigated the protective effects of veratric acid on UV-induced damage in keratinocytes
We initially investigated the effect of veratric acid (10–100 μg/mL) on the UVB-mediated decrease in cell viability
Summary
Solar ultraviolet light can penetrate the atmosphere and cause most of the commonknown skin disorders [1]. Acute UV irradiation can elicit various responses including sunburn, inflammation, DNA damage, and apoptosis [2,3,4]. Chronic and repetitive UV irradiation can lead to photoaging, sustained immune suppression, and carcinogenesis of the skin [2,5].The UVB range of solor radiation can penetrate theskinepidermis, inducing both direct and indirect DNA damaging effects. Mushrooms have become attractive sources of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds that have antioxidative [11], antitumor [12], antimicrobial [13], and anti-inflammatory properties [14]. Among the various edible and medicinal mushrooms, Sparassiscrispa has been reported to contain a b-1,3-D-glucan that enhances antitumor responses [15]. It has been reported that veratric acid has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated the skin recovery effects and safety after topical application of veratric acid on humans to determine the feasibility of clinical use
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