Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate on the control tools against larvae and adults of Anopheles gambiae s. l. and then explore the detoxification enzymes mechanisms conferring permethrin tolerance in Anopheles gambiae s. l. larvae in Benin. Larvae and pupae were collected from March to July and August to November 2018 during the rainy season in Bopa district in Mono department in south-western Benin, West Africa. Larval bioassays were performed on these collected Anopheles gambiae s. l. larvae using permethrin as larvicide and synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) as enzyme inhibitor or synergist. WHO susceptibility tests were also conducted on adult unfed female mosquitoes aged 3-5 days old with impregnated papers of permethrin (0.75%). The results showed that malaria elimination in Benin needs integrated control. Both larvae or pupae and adults malaria vectors must be controlled.
Highlights
Mosquitoes transmit numerous human and animal pathogens and chemical insecticides are widely employed in their control
Since mosquito breeding sites are found in various environments ranging from farmlands to sites of industrial activities, deliberate human intervention at controlling mosquito populations may not be the only contribution to the factors affecting larval growth and development
Control tools against malaria vectors in Benin The table 1 shows the different control tools used against malaria vectors in Benin
Summary
Mosquitoes transmit numerous human and animal pathogens and chemical insecticides are widely employed in their control. The success of control programs is threatened as the repeated exposure of mosquito populations to chemical insecticides has led to the selection of mutations conferring an increased resistance to these insecticides [1]. Long-term exposure to a toxicant will eventually select for mutations conferring a level of resistance to that toxicant and insecticideresistant populations of mosquitoes are threatening the success of control programmes. Since mosquito breeding sites are found in various environments ranging from farmlands to sites of industrial activities, deliberate human intervention at controlling mosquito populations may not be the only contribution to the factors affecting larval growth and development. Some of the most active breeding sites for mosquitoes are located around farmlands where various agro-allied chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, are applied to enrich soil and control agricultural pests and diseases [2,3].
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