Abstract
BackgroundTwenty-seven villages were selected in southwest Burkina Faso to implement new vector control strategies in addition to long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) through a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). We conducted entomological surveys in the villages during the dry cold season (January 2017), dry hot season (March 2017) and rainy season (June 2017) to describe malaria vectors bionomics, insecticide resistance and transmission prior to this trial.MethodsWe carried out hourly catches (from 17:00 to 09:00) inside and outside 4 houses in each village using the Human Landing Catch technique. Mosquitoes were identified using morphological taxonomic keys. Specimens belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus group were identified using molecular techniques as well as detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection and insecticide resistance target-site mutations.ResultsEight Anopheles species were detected in the area. Anopheles funestus s.s was the main vector during the dry cold season. It was replaced by Anopheles coluzzii during the dry hot season whereas An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were the dominant species during the rainy season. Species composition of the Anopheles population varied significantly among seasons. All insecticide resistance mechanisms (kdr-w, kdr-e and ace-1 target site mutations) investigated were found in each members of the An. gambiae complex but at different frequencies. We observed early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species. Entomological inoculation rates were 2.61, 2.67 and 11.25 infected bites per human per month during dry cold season, dry hot season and rainy season, respectively.ConclusionThe entomological indicators of malaria transmission were high despite the universal coverage with LLINs. We detected early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species as well as physiological insecticide resistance mechanisms. These data will be used to evaluate the impact of complementary tools to LLINs in an upcoming RCT.
Highlights
The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported 228 million malaria cases and 405 000 deaths worldwide in 2018 [1]
It was replaced by Anopheles coluzzii during the dry hot season whereas An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were the dominant species during the rainy season
We detected early and late biting phenotypes in the main malaria vector species as well as physiological insecticide resistance mechanisms. These data will be used to evaluate the impact of complementary tools to long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in an upcoming Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
Summary
The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported 228 million malaria cases and 405 000 deaths worldwide in 2018 [1]. Complementary strategies exists but before being included into strategic plans by national malaria control programs (NMCPs), supported by international donors and implemented in endemic countries, they need to be evaluated through rigorous and independent process [13] In this context, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante (IRSS), Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and Institut Pierre Richet (IPR) have been funded to conduct the REACT (Gestion de la REsistAnce aux inseCTicides au Burkina Faso et en Cote d’Ivoire) project to evaluate in Burkina Faso and Cote d’Ivoire four complementary strategies to LLINs trough a randomized controlled trial (RCT). We conducted entomological surveys in the villages during the dry cold season (January 2017), dry hot season (March 2017) and rainy season (June 2017) to describe malaria vectors bionomics, insecticide resistance and transmission prior to this trial
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