Abstract
BackgroundIn Dielmo, Senegal, the widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets has decreased both the incidence of malaria and the density of the Anopheles population. However, persistent low-level malaria transmission may hamper efforts to eliminate the disease. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the vector population is needed in order to improve knowledge of Anopheles biting behaviour and to readjust control interventions.MethodsIn 2015, Anopheles were collected every month for a whole year and each specimen was identified using morphological and molecular techniques. The biting pattern of each species was analysed according to night (7 pm–7am) and morning (7am–11am) periods, the place of biting and the season. The ELISA CSP technique was used to assess the Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rate to evaluate the entomological inoculation rate (EIR).ResultsAnopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus sensu stricto were found to be the main vectors biting humans. Overall, the biting rate was low, at 3.84bites per night (bpn) and 1.27 bites per morning (bpm), respectively (IRR = 3.04, CI [1.84–5.00], p < 0.001). The EIR was 2.51 and 5.03 infectious bites per year during the night and morning, respectively. During the night, the An. arabiensis and An. funestus biting rate was 1.81 bpn and 1.71 bpn, respectively (IRR = 0.95, CI [0.46–1.92], p = 0.88). During the morning, their density decreased to 0.51 bpm and 0.73 bpm for An. arabiensis and An. funestus, respectively (IRR = 1.47, CI [0.58–3.71], p = 0.41). During the night and the morning, no specific trend of indoor or outdoor biting was observed in the dry and rainy season for both vectors.ConclusionThis study highlighted low level Anopheles nocturnal and diurnal biting and the associated risk of malaria transmission. It showed also the influence of the season on the indoor and outdoor biting pattern, indicating that the human population could be exposed all year round to a low level of Anopheles bites. Control programmes should increase awareness of the use of bed nets throughout the year and promote the development and implementation of complimentary tools to target Anopheles biting shortly after dawn when people are still indoors and outside the bed nets.
Highlights
In Dielmo, Senegal, the widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets has decreased both the incidence of malaria and the density of the Anopheles population
It is observed that Anopheles have crepuscular and diurnal host-seeking activity which coincide, respectively, with the periods just before people go to sleep under their bed nets and just after waking up when they move outside the bed nets [8,9,10]
Despite a decrease in human exposure [7, 11] resulting from general coverage and a high level of bed net use, Anopheles behaviour could reduce the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) as people remain unprotected when mosquitoes shift their biting times or locations [9, 12]
Summary
In Dielmo, Senegal, the widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets has decreased both the incidence of malaria and the density of the Anopheles population. Despite a decrease in human exposure [7, 11] resulting from general coverage and a high level of bed net use, Anopheles behaviour could reduce the effectiveness of LLINs as people remain unprotected when mosquitoes shift their biting times or locations [9, 12]. This situation could, represent a challenge for malaria control, in areas where vector controls have been implemented to eliminate the disease. Close monitoring of vectors is needed in order to determine the particular biting behaviour of Anopheles that could put the human population at risk, despite the use of LLINs
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