Abstract
Based on the analogy between interacting stellar winds of planetary nebulae and WR–nebulae, on the one hand, and the heliosphere and the expanding envelopes of supernovae, on the other, an attempt is made to calculate the differential intensity of the energetic protons accelerated to energies of 100 MeV by the shock wave. The proposed one–parameter formula for estimating the intensity at 1–100 MeV, when applied to the heliosphere, shows good agreement with the Voyager–1 data, to within a factor of less than 2. The same estimate for planetary (and WR–) nebulae yield a value 7–8 (3–4) orders of magnitude higher than the mean galactic intensity value. The obtained estimate of the intensity of energetic protons in mentioned kinds of nebulae was used to estimate the doses of irradiation of certain substances, in order to show that such accelerated particles play an important role in radiation–chemical transformations in such nebulae.
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