Abstract
We have investigated the effects of temperature on the magnetic properties of the Bi0.9Gd0.1Fe1−xTixO3 (x = 0.00–0.20) multiferroic system. Unexpectedly, the coercive fields (Hc) of this multiferroic system increased with increasing temperature. The coercive fields and remanent magnetization were higher over a wide range of temperatures in sample x = 0.10, i.e. in a sample with a composition Bi0.9Gd0.1Fe0.9Ti0.1O3 than those of x = 0.00 and 0.20 compositions. Therefore, we carried out temperature-dependent magnetization experiments extensively for sample x = 0.10. The magnetic hysteresis loops at different temperatures exhibit an asymmetric shift towards the magnetic field axes, which indicates the presence of an exchange bias effect in this material system. The hysteresis loops were also carried out at temperatures of 150 K and 250 K by cooling down the sample from 300 K in various cooling magnetic fields (). The exchange bias field () values increased with and decreased with temperature. The values were tunable by field cooling at temperatures of up to 250 K.
Highlights
Multiferroic materials, in which ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and/or ferroelastic orderings coexist, have attracted significant research interest since many years [1,2,3,4,5] due to their potential applications in data storage media, spintronics and ferroelectric random-access memories
Among the limited choices offered by the multiferroic materials, BiFeO3 (BFO), one of the single-phase multiferroic materials at room temperature, exhibits the co-existence of ferroelectric ordering with Curie temperature (TC) of 1123 K and antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering with a Neel temperature (TN ) of 643 K [6]
We have investigated the influence of cooling magnetic fields at temperatures 150 K and 250 K to observe a tunable exchange bias in sample composition Bi0.9Gd0.1Fe0.9Ti0.1O3
Summary
Multiferroic materials, in which ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and/or ferroelastic orderings coexist, have attracted significant research interest since many years [1,2,3,4,5] due to their potential applications in data storage media, spintronics and ferroelectric random-access memories. In BiFeO3, magnetic ordering is of antiferromagnetic type, having a spiral modulated spin structure (SMSS) with an incommensurate long-wavelength period of 62 nm [6] This spiral spin structure cancels the macroscopic magnetization and inhibits the observation of the linear magnetoelectric effect [7]. We have observed that simultaneous substitution of Gd and Ti in place of Bi and Fe, respectively in BiFeO3 multiferroics improved their morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties at room temperature [16]. Another group observed fascinating magnetic, optical and dielectric properties in this Gd and Ti co-doped BiFeO3 ceramic system at room temperature [17] In this investigation, we were interested to conduct experiments on temperature dependence of magnetic properties of Gd and Ti codoped Bi0.9Gd0.1Fe1−xTixO3 (x = 0.00-0.20) multiferroic materials.
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