Anodic stripping voltammetry of copper at insonated glassy carbon-based electrodes: application to the determination of copper in beer

Abstract

The suitability of ultrasound-assisted anodic stripping voltammetry (sono-ASV) for the detection of total copper content in beer using both mercury thin film and glassy carbon electrodes has been investigated. An immersion horn probe is introduced into a small thermostatted conventional three electrode cell (20 cm3) opposite the working electrode: an ex situ mercury plated Nafion®-coated mercury film electrode or a bare glassy carbon electrode. Minimal sample pre-treatment is required which consists of acidification of the beer with dilute nitric acid and out-gassing with argon. After the deposition of copper (as the metal or its amalgam) on the electrode in the presence of ultrasound, a square wave scan is employed to get the analytical signal. In the absence of ultrasound, electrode passivation by organic species and lower rates of mass transport prevent the observation of any measurable signals. In situ cavitational cleaning of the electrode by insonation maintains the electrode activity. Total copper content levels in the range of 100 to 300 µg Cu L–1 were determined by sono-ASV using both electrode substrates and showed excellent agreement with values provided by an independent method. This highlights the validity of the sono-ASV method as a useful electroanalytical technique in hostile media.