Annular-Pressure Losses While Casing Drilling

Abstract

This article, written by Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 166103, ’Evaluation of Annular-Pressure Losses While Casing Drilling,’ by Vahid Dokhani and Mojtaba P. Shahri, SPE, University of Tulsa; Moji Karimi, SPE, Weatherford; and Saeed Salehi, SPE, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, prepared for the 2013 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, 30 September-2 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Casing drilling is a method by which the well is drilled and cased simultaneously. The small annulus from casing drilling can create a controllable dynamic equivalent circulating density (ECD). Casing-drilling technology enables obtaining the same ECD as with conventional drilling but with a lower (optimized) flow rate and lower rheological properties and mud weight. Frictional pressure loss during casing drilling was evaluated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Having accurate models for ECD, including the effects of pipe rotation and eccentricity in the annulus, is essential for success in these challenging jobs. Introduction Casing drilling builds on experience gained from drilling liners to bottom in troublesome holes. The technique was implemented for drilling a formation sequence of highly pressured shale followed by a depleted reservoir. The major problem when drilling depleted reservoirs is the narrow operational mud-weight window. With advances in top-drive systems, retrievable bottomhole assemblies, and polycrystalline-diamond-compact bits, the technology enables completing a well by use of casing as the drillstring. An often-reported benefit of casing drilling is significantly fewer lost-circulation problems. The wellbore-plastering effect that casing drilling offers can enable drilling depleted zones while causing less formation damage. Plastering also enhances pressure containment by smearing the smaller drill cuttings into the pore spaces. The aim of this study was to simulate the casing-drilling operation through CFD modeling to evaluate the combined effect of eccentricity and pipe rotation on the velocity profile of a non-Newtonian fluid. Approach Initially, the geometry of casing drilling was constructed for a given wellbore condition. Then, the domain was discretized such that the result would not be grid dependent. A series of cases was designed to compare the CFD model with the analytical solution and validate the discretization scheme. Then, the non-Newtonian-fluid (yield-power-law model) simulation was run. Thereafter, an effort was made to analyze the effect of eccentricity and pipe rotation on the yield-power-law fluid. Assumptions In drilling operations, continuous fluid circulation through the annulus results in steady-state flow. In the shallow top-hole section, the fluid can be treated as an incompressible fluid. The simulated laminar-flow regime verified the CFD results with the analytical solution. It was assumed that a single-phase fluid flows through the annulus and that the pipe geometry provides a uniform concentric annulus along the test section. For simplicity, the effects of drill cuttings were neglected in the simulation to be able to validate the CFD results with the analytical solution. Initially, the casing was treated as stationary (no pipe rotation) with a no-slip condition at the walls (both inner-pipe and wellbore). The pipe and the wellbore were assumed to be smooth. Also, the geometry was held uniform along the pipe (i.e., the effect of tool joints on pressure loss was neglected). The pipe section was considered to be 5 or 10 m long.