Abstract
Understanding spatial and temporal changes of seasonal sea level cycles is important because of direct influence on coastal systems. The annual sea level cycle is substantially larger than semi-annual cycle in most parts of the ocean. Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method has been widely used to study tidal component, long-term sea level rise, and decadal sea level variation. In this work, EEMD is used to analyze the observed monthly sea level anomalies and detect annual cycle characteristics. Considering that the variations of the annual sea level variation in the Northeast Pacific Ocean are poorly studied, the trend and characteristics of annual sea level amplitudes and related mechanisms in the North Pacific Ocean are investigated using long-term tide gauge records covering 1950–2016. The average annual amplitude of coastal sea level exhibits interannual-to-decadal variability within the range of 14–220 mm. The largest value of ~174 mm is observed in the west coast of South China Sea. In the other coastal regions of North Pacific Ocean, the mean annual amplitude is relatively low between 77 and 124 mm for the western coast and 84 and 87 mm for the eastern coast. The estimated trend values for annual sea level amplitudes in the western coastal areas of South China Sea and Northeast Pacific Ocean have statistically decreased over 1952–2014 with a range of −0.77 mm·yr−1 to −0.11 mm·yr−1. Our results suggested that the decreasing annual amplitude in the west coast of South China Sea is in good agreement with the annual mean wind stress associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). This wind phenomenon also explains the temporal variations of annual sea level amplitude in Northeast Pacific Ocean, especially the high correlations since 1980 (R = 0.61−0.72).
Highlights
Seasonal cycle is a common signal in sea level change and fluctuates due to various physical forces, including atmospheric pressure, wind stress, precipitation, river runoff, ice melting, ocean current, and steric component [1]
Studies of seasonal sea level cycle are based on tide gauge records [3], which are limited in coastal areas
The temporal variations ofof the annual sea coast were investigated by the developed method using tide gauge records coast were investigated by the developed Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method using 107 tide gauge records covering period of 1950–2016
Summary
Seasonal cycle is a common signal in sea level change and fluctuates due to various physical forces, including atmospheric pressure, wind stress, precipitation, river runoff, ice melting, ocean current, and steric component [1]. Understanding seasonal sea level cycles and its spatial and temporal changes is important because its temporal changes (amplitude or phase) may directly affect the coastal systems [2]. Accurately estimating the seasonal amplitude and phase in sea level cycle and understanding the physical mechanisms of the seasonal sea level cycle are helpful in assessing the impact of future climate change on coastal ocean environments. Studies of seasonal sea level cycle are based on tide gauge records [3], which are limited in coastal areas.
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