Ankara koşullarında bazı korunga türlerinde görülen külleme hastalığı etmenlerinin belirlenmesi

In this study, two new species of powdery mildews together with disease severities measured at four different growing stages were identified on three ornamental species in the Ažanliurfa district of Turkey. Observations and measurements were made on natural and experimental stands. On natural stands, 15, 85 and 100% disease rates were determined on Fuchsia regia, Calendula officinalis and Zinnia elegans, respectively. Powdery mildews of C. officinalis and Z. elegans were identified as Podosphaera xanthii(Oidium subgenus Fibroidium). Disease symptoms were observed from early seedling to late maturing stages on Z. elegans, and from pre flowering to maturing stages on C. officinalis. The mildew pathogen of Fuchsia regia was identified as Leveillula taurica. This ornamental species appear to be resistant to this respected powdery mildew agent during summer, but somewhat susceptible in the early autumn. In addition, upper leaves were observed the only section displaying the disease. Key words: Podosphaera xanthii, Leveillula taurica, ornamentals, disease severity.

In July 2014, a white fungal efflorescence was observed on the stems and both surfaces of mature and young leaves of a caper plant (Capparis spinosa) growing in the Campus of the University of Bari. Light microscope observations revealed the presence of simple or branched conidiophores emerging through leaf stomata, and bearing conidia singly or in short chains. Primary (pyriform) and secondary (cylindrical) conidia, typical of the anamorphic stage of Leveillula taurica (Lev.) G. Arnaud, causal agent of powdery mildew (Palti, 1988), measured on average 62.2×20.2 μm (±7.23×±2.18 μm standard deviation). The teleomorphic stage was not observed during three months of observation. A 630-bp PCR amplicon obtained with the ITS1/ITS4 primer pair was sequenced (BMR Genomics, Italy) and deposited in GenBank under the accession No. KP164030 (isolate designated CSP-PUG1). The sequence shared up to 99% homology with several accessions of L. taurica, including the one previously reported on caper (AB045002), and other species of the genus. The Koch’s postulates were met with a successful pathogenicity test on caper. It is worth noting that, besides this plant, I have never observed powdery mildew on spontaneous caper plants in different Apulian (southern Italy) sites, even when they were growing close to highly susceptible plant species such as Convolvulus arvensis. Therefore, the sporadic pathogen occurrence on this plant might be due to microclimatic conditions unusual for caper. Indeed, the diseased plant had grown under a prolonged shading near a building, but caper normally grows in sun-drenched places like stone walls and rocky cliffs. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first report of L. taurica on caper in Italy.

Fungi are important pest groups causing important economic losses in protected vegetable areas. There are important lacks in both growing technique and greenhouse conditions in central Anatolia provinces. Vegetables grown in greenhouses are affected by the fungal pathogens that cause economic losses. Ror that, a study has been performed in 2003-2004 in Ankara, Cankiri, Zonguldak and Bartin provinces to detect the fungal pathogens and their prevelance in seedling, flower and fruit stages of the plant. At the end, root rot Fusarium oxysporum Snyder & Hansen and Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn); leaf mold [ Cladosporium fulvum Cooke., ( Fulvia fulva )], early blight [ Alternaria solani (Ell. and G. Martin) Sar.], gray mold ( Botrytis cinerea F.), late blight ( Phytophthora infestans Mont. de Bary.); Phytophthora root rot ( Phytophthora capsici Leon.); are downy mildew [ Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. Curt.) Rustow], gray mold ( Botrytis cinerea F.), Fusarium wilt ( Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum ); are root rot [ Fusarium oxysporum Snyder & Hansen and Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn)], gray mold ( Botrytis cinerea F.) in bean; are powdery mildew [ Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arnaud] in eggplants are detected under protected conditions.

Some morphologic characteristics of five sainfoin species, section Heliobrychis collected from natural flora of various regions of Turkey were analysed based on phenotypic variations. Generally, the shoots and types of leaves, raceme, flower, fruit, and type of seeds were analyzed in the study. High variation was recorded among morphologic characters of sainfoin. Hierarchical Cluster analysis showed relationship between the species due to morphological characteristics ending up with three groups. It is assumed that these results will be beneficial for breeding of sainfoin in the future.

Eleven plants infected with powdery mildew disease were found as hosts of a mycophagus ladybird Illeis koebelei in Southern Taiwan. These plants were chilli, cummingcordia, flamegold-rain tree, garden cosmos, golden shower tree, Indian heliotrope, Japanese snake gourd, melon, mulberry, persimmon, and sunflower. Among them, persimmon, golden shower tree, and cummingcordia powdery mildew fungi were important foods of I. koebelei. The ladybird was found year-round, initially on persimmon leaves during late summer and autumn, and later on golden shower tree, sunflowers and cummingcordia, etc., feeding on powdery mildew from November to next April. Only adults were observed on cummingcordia leaves when powdery mildew was scarce in hot season. I. koebelei fed on 6 fungus genera; namely, Bulbouncinula, Leveillula, Oidium, Ovulariopsis, Phyllactinia, and Podosphaera. Moreover, powdery mildew of Podosphaera on melon and pumpkin leaves were used for the mass-rearing for I. koebelei. Females laid batch eggs on plant leaves. The body of the first instar larva was grayish with blackish spots, and long setae on dorsal segments. Larvae of second to fourth instar were grayer and yellower with darker spots but short setae. Pupa had blackish spots on each dorsal segment with whitish thorax and yellowish abdomen. Adult had two blackish spots on the whitish thorax with elytra entirely yellowish. The mean developmental time in days for the egg was 3.3, larva 10.4, pupa 4.4, and adult 13.3. The 4th instar larvae and adults had higher feeding rate than the first to third instar larvae, with 1.02 cm^2/hour for the 4th instar larva and 1.75 cm^2/hour for adult. Based on the preliminary results, it is estimated that a release of 12,000-15,000 adults could be adequate for the control of powdery mildew on organic cucurbits in a 200 m^2 culture under structure.

Safaei Chaei Kar, S., F. Ghanavati, J. Mozafari, M. R. Naghavi, H. Amirabadizadeh, and F. Darvish. 2012. Phylogenetic relationships of Onobrychis Mill. (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA and morphological traits. Crop Breeding Journal 2(2): 91-99. The genus Onobrychis is subdivided into two subgenera: Onobrychis and Sisyrosema. Phylogenetic relationships of 19 species of Onobrychis (Fabaceae: tribe Hedysareae) and one representative each of genera Eversmannia and Ebenus were estimated from DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Parsimony analysis of the ITS region formed a dendrogram with strong bootstrap support from two groups: Onobrychis subgen. Onobrychis (except O. laxiflora) is in one group and Onobrychis subgen. Sisyrosema is in the other. Within group I, species of the Onobrychis section and species of the Lophobrychis and Dendrobrychis sections form well supported branches A and B, respectively (BP=99% and 91%). The close association between the Onobrychis section and Lophobrychis and Dendrobrychis indicated there is strong sequence homology among them, suggesting that these species are closely related in terms of phylogeny. Also there is strong sequence homology among sections of Sisyrosema subgen. (group II). Species of Heliobrychis, Hymenobrychis and Afghanicae form a branch (branch C) with 77% bootstrap support. Species of the Hymenobrychis section form a clade (clade F) with 82% bootstrap support, which indicates these species are closely related. The present nrDNA ITS data showed that Onobrychis subgen. Sisyrosema appears to be a well-supported monophyletic group (BP=77%), whereas the Onobrychis subgen. Onobrychis is not monophyletic due to the sister group relationship of one species of Onobrychis subgen. (O. laxifolra) to the subgen. Sisyrosema. Cluster analysis of morphological characters showed two major groups separating Onobrychis subgen. Onobrychis (except O. laxiflora) from Onobrychis subgen. Sisyrosema, which are in accordance with molecular phylogenetic groups.

In this study, Tea Tree Oil, (Timorex Gold), Orange Oil (Prev-Am), Reynoutria spp. extract (Regalia), Bacillus subtilis QST 713 (Serenade SC), Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei (Vitanal) and a reference product Fluopyram+Tebuconazole (Luna Experience) were applied to pepper plants to determine the efficacy against powdery mildew disease caused by Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arm on pepper. The disease on plants was evaluated based on the 0-5 scale when the disease reached to 20% on untreated plots. Trials were established as a randomized plot design with four replications. The disease severity was assessed using Towsend-Heuberger’s formula and the percentage effect of the applications was calculated using the Abbott formula. The conducted experiments were revealed that the highest % efficacy values of the preparations against powdery mildew were obtained from Timorex Gold (80%), Prev-Am (45%), Regalia (44.7%), Serenade (26.3%) and Vitanal (26.2%), respectively. The efficacy of the reference product, Luna Experience, against powdery mildew in pepper was found 89%. It has been concluded that Timorex Gold preparation performed enough efficacy against Leveillula taurica, and can be safely used and offered against powdery mildew.

The control of gastrointestinal sheep nematodes with tanniferous forage plants

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) occupies a prominent place in the vegetable cultivars in India. Powdery mildew disease on pea (Pisum sativum L.) incited by fungus Erysiphe polygoni DC is an important limiting factor in pea cultivation in Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. In the integrated disease management trial application of different bioagents showed reduced disease severity. The disease severity ranges 13.84 to 27.68 per cent. Treatment Trichoderma hamatum was most effective followed by Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescences. In Chemical management experiment the fungicide Bayleton (0.05 %) showed significantly lowest disease severity (15.93 %) with maximum (26.87 %) disease control. On the basis of effectiveness in controlling the powdery mildew disease of pea the most effective fungicide recorded in the order of merit were Bayleton (0.01 %), Tridomorph (0.05 %) and Dinocap (0.05%).

The phylogeny and taxonomy of several powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae) have been examined. Sequences of the rDNA ITS region retrieved from several collections of Erysiphe spp. belonging to the E. aquilegiae complex (cluster) and collected on new hosts are listed and discussed, including a critical assessment of the phylogenetic-taxonomic interpretation of this complex. Based on results of sequence analyses, E. tortilis proved to pertain to this complex as well. This species is epitypified, which is supplemented with an ex-epitype reference sequence. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the powdery mildew on Manihot esculenta (cassava, manioc), which is widespread and common wherever this tuber crop is cultivated, has been examined. Morphological re-examinations and phylogenetic analyses of collections from Argentina and Brazil revealed that this powdery mildew belongs to the genus Erysiphe, phylogenetically included in the E. trifoliorum complex. The new combination Erysiphe manihoticola is introduced for this powdery mildew. Based on the re-examination of type material, it has become clear that the name Oidium manihotis, which was used in the past for this powdery mildew, is not conspecific with E. manihoticola and most likely not congeneric with Erysiphe. On the basis of sequences retrieved from type material of Erysiphe baptisiae and a North American collection on Baptisia, we reveal that E. baptisiae has to be reduced to synonymy with E. guarinonii. Erysiphe euonymicola on Euonymus fortunei is recorded from North America for the first time. The identity of Golovinomyces on Cynara and Echinops in North America is discussed. Type material of Golovinomyces echinopis has been sequenced, and G. montagnei is epitypified with a collection from Germany, which is supplemented by ex-epitype sequence data. Based on morphological analyses and a comparison of sequence data with ex-holotype sequences, North American powdery mildew collections on Echinops could be confirmed to belong to G. echinopis. However, a North American powdery mildew collection on Cynara cardunculus turned out to be close to G. depressus and not, as expected, to G. montagnei. Golovinomyces verbenae, described from North America, is epitypified with ex-epitype sequence data, and G. glandulariae, recently described from Australia, is reduced to synonymy with G. verbenae. The phylogenetic positions of Podosphaera physocarpi and P. spiraeae-douglasii have been revealed on the basis of collections from North America and Germany (the first record for Germany and the second for Europe of P. physocarpi), including the first descriptions, pictures and illustrations of the asexual morphs for both of these species. Furthermore, Podosphaera prunicola is epitypified.

Jordan contributes significantly to the Near East plant biodiversity with numerous primitive forms and species of crops and their wild relatives. Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) is a common species in Jordan, where it grows in various habitats. During a survey of wild Lactuca distribution in Jordan in August 2007, plants of L. serriola with natural infections of powdery mildew were observed at a site near Shobak (Ma’an Governorate). Lactuca serriola leaf samples with powdery mildew infections were collected from two plants and the pathogen was analyzed morphologically. Characteristics of the asexual and sexual forms were obtained. Sequence analyses of the rDNA ITS region and D1/D2 domains of the 28S rDNA were used to obtain phylogenetic data, and to reach taxonomic conclusions about these specimens. Molecular determination, performed by sequencing of the ITS region, proved its identity with the type material of Leveillula lactucae-serriolae. Sequencing of the 28S rDNA region provided the first verified GenBank record of Leveillula lactucae-serriolae deposited in this public nucleotide repository. This is the first taxonomically verified record of L. lactucae-serriolae on L. serriola growing wild in Jordan, and one of the first records of the fungus in the Near East.

A novel powdery mildew disease was observed on chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in Brazil. The morphological features of fungal colonies and conidia were in agreement with those typical for the genus Leveillula. The total DNA of three field‐collected samples were used as template in PCR assays with the pair of primer PMITS1 and PMITS2, targeting the internal transcribed space (ITS) region of Erysiphales isolates. Amplicons were Sanger sequenced and their BLAST analysis revealed 100% identity with a large number of L. taurica (lato sensu, Clade 1) isolates from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the pathogen identification. Equivalent symptoms were observed on chickpea seedlings after controlled inoculation, fulfilling the Koch's postulates. Leveillula taurica (lato sensu, Clade 1) isolates have been reported infecting Fabaceae hosts worldwide, including chickpeas in North America, Africa and Asia. However, this is the first record of L. taurica infecting this crop in Brazil and South America.

Powdery mildew disease caused by Leveillula taurica is a serious fungal threat to greenhouse tomato and pepper production. In contrast to most powdery mildew species which are epiphytic, L. taurica is an endophytic fungus colonizing the mesophyll tissues of the leaf. In barley, Arabidopsis, tomato and pea, the correct functioning of specific homologues of the plant Mlo gene family has been found to be required for pathogenesis of epiphytic powdery mildew fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the Mlo genes in susceptibility to the endophytic fungus L. taurica. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a loss-of-function mutation in the SlMlo1 gene results in resistance to powdery mildew disease caused by Oidium neolycopersici. When the tomato Slmlo1 mutant was inoculated with L. taurica in this study, it proved to be less susceptible compared to the control, S. lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker. Further, overexpression of SlMlo1 in the tomato Slmlo1 mutant enhanced susceptibility to L. taurica. In pepper, the CaMlo2 gene was isolated by applying a homology-based cloning approach. Compared to the previously identified CaMlo1 gene, the CaMlo2 gene is more similar to SlMlo1 as shown by phylogenetic analysis, and the expression of CaMlo2 is up-regulated at an earlier time point upon L. taurica infection. However, results of virus-induced gene silencing suggest that both CaMlo1 and CaMlo2 may be involved in the susceptibility of pepper to L. taurica. The fact that overexpression of CaMlo2 restored the susceptibility of the tomato Slmlo1 mutant to O. neolycopersici and increased its susceptibility to L. taurica confirmed the role of CaMlo2 acting as a susceptibility factor to different powdery mildews, though the role of CaMlo1 as a co-factor for susceptibility cannot be excluded.

Romneya coulteri, known as matilija poppy or coulter's matilija poppy, is a perennial woody shrub (family Papaveraceae) that is native to southern California and northern Mexico. The plant is used in landscape settings and has the largest flowers, measuring up to 16 cm across, of any plant native to California. In August 2006, in Monterey County, CA, landscape plants of R. coulteri were found affected with a powdery mildew disease. Initial symptoms consisted of chlorotic, irregularly shaped, vein-delimited lesions. As disease progressed, grayish white sporulation was visible on lesions on adaxial and abaxial sides of affected leaves. In advanced stages of the disease, lesions expanded up to 2 cm long and the center tissue of the lesions turned necrotic. Symptoms and signs were observed on both mature and younger foliage. The small matilija poppy planting consisted of six or seven plants and all plants were affected by the disease. Epidermal strips from both sides of leaves and leaf cross sections were mounted in drops of lactophenol and aniline blue and examined with a light microscope. These preparations showed that conidiophores developed from endophytic mycelium and emerged through stomates. Conidiophores were sometimes branched and carried one or two conidia. Hyaline, single-celled conidia were dimorphic. Primary (terminal) conidia were lanceolate with distinct apical points and measured 53 to 61 × 17 to 25 μm. Secondary conidia were ellipsoid-cylindric and measured 53 to 67 × 16 to 22 μm. On the basis of these characters, the pathogen was identified as Leveillula taurica (1). Only the anamorph Oidiopsis taurica stage was observed on plants. To prove pathogenicity, diseased leaves were collected from the landscape plantings. One diseased leaf was gently rubbed against one leaf of a potted, healthy matilija poppy. Twelve leaves were inoculated in this way, and plants were kept in a humidity chamber for 48 h and then maintained in a greenhouse (24 to 26°C). After 14 days, chlorotic lesions appeared on inoculated matilija poppy leaves and sporulation of L. taurica was observed several days later. Untreated control plants did not develop powdery mildew. The experiment was repeated and the results were the same. To my knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by L. taurica on matilija poppy. There was no indication that the disease affected the growth of the host; however, powdery mildew reduced the quality of the appearance of this ornamental plant. Reference: (1) H. J. Boesewinkel. Bot. Rev. 46:167, 1980.

In the current scenario, plant disease detection is seeking attention from many agricultural scientists. Plant diseases are deeply influenced by the weather conditions, and each disease has its individual weather requirements. The changes in weather parameters such as humidity, temperature, wind speed, etc., can cause many diseases in tomato plants. In the current empirical study, we have taken specific disease powdery mildew whose fungus is named as Leveillula Taurica which belongs to Leotiomycetes class, and it is responsible for the occurrence of this specific disease in tomatoes. In this research, three weather-based prediction models have been developed using k-nearest neighbor (kNN), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) algorithm for powdery mildew disease prediction in tomatoes at an early stage. Results indicate that the proposed model, based on RF algorithm, shows the best accuracy of 93.24% for tomato powdery mildew disease (TPMD) dataset. A real-time version of the proposed model can be used by the agricultural experts to take preventive measures in the most sensitive areas that are prone to powdery mildew disease based on the weather conditions. Hence, timely intervention would help in reducing the loss in productivity of tomato crops which will further benefit the global economy, agricultural production, and the food industry.