Abstract
The complexation of tightly ion-paired divalent salts such as paraquat dichloride by cryptands based on crown ethers can be improved by the introduction of ion-pair recognition as a means of also binding the counteranions. A series of diamide-based cryptands derived from bis(m-phenylene)-[32]crown-10 and designed to complex the bipyridinium dication with anion assistance was synthesized. The ion-pair recognition process was fully characterized by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray analysis. (1)H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that these new heteroditopic cryptand hosts can complex both the positive and negative components of the paraquat dichloride salt. UV/Vis spectroscopy showed that the addition of chloride anion into equimolar solutions of cryptands 3c or 3g with paraquat bis(hexafluorophosphate) salt (2a) improves the binding of the cryptands to the paraquat guest. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray analysis confirmed the 1:1 stoichiometries and ion-pair recognition of these cryptand/paraquat complexes. It was found that the cryptand 3g, with 13 atoms and an isophthalamide moiety in the third chain, exhibited the best binding affinity for tightly ion-paired paraquat dichloride (2b), due to the combination of its spatial compatibility and additional anion-binding site.
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