Abstract
Two mononuclear Cu(II) complexes, [Cu(phen)2(HL)]ClO4·H2O·2DMF (1) and [Cu(phen)2(HL)2]·EtOH (2), comprising 1,10-phentantroline (phen) and 2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-indole ligand (H2L) ligands are reported. Analysis and characterization of the samples were performed using standard physicochemical techniques, elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography revealed the formation of a pentacoordinate complex in 1 and a hexacoordinate complex in 2, in which the anionic ligand HL− has undergone monodentate coordination through the tetrazole unit. Furthermore, the crystal structure of H2L·MeOH is also discussed. The potential application of compounds 1 and 2 in bioinorganic chemistry was addressed by investigating their radical scavenging activity with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and the results were supported also by theoretical calculations.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their physiological effects have been studied extensively since their discovery circa 60 years ago [1]. ese ROS can be divided into two groups: free oxygen radicals such as superoxide radical O·2−, hydroxyl radical OH_, or organic peroxyl radicals ROO_and nonradical ROS such as ozone O3, hydrogen peroxide H2O2, and singlet oxygen 1O2 [2]
This radical is released into the cytosol and in lesser degree to the mitochondrial matrix [8], where it either reacts with nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as glutathione or ascorbic acid, or transforms into less damaging hydrogen peroxide or oxygen by metal-containing enzymes known as superoxide dismutases (SODs). e most common metal ions contained in these enzymes are Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+; these are directly involved in the enzymatic reaction due to their ability to transfer the unpaired electron from the superoxide radical without forming yet another highly reactive radical [9]
To improve the health conditions of patients affected by diseases linked to the increased oxidative stress, many research groups have tried to prepare complex compounds of low molecular weight that would mimic the activity of SODs; SODs themselves cannot be administered, as they would not pass the cell membrane and are quickly metabolized by kidneys [11, 12]
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their physiological effects have been studied extensively since their discovery circa 60 years ago [1]. ese ROS can be divided into two groups: free oxygen radicals such as superoxide radical O·2−, hydroxyl radical OH_, or organic peroxyl radicals ROO_and nonradical ROS such as ozone O3, hydrogen peroxide H2O2, and singlet oxygen 1O2 [2]. E most common superoxide radical O·2− is created in the electron transport chain, in complexes I and III, as an unwanted by-product This radical is released into the cytosol and in lesser degree to the mitochondrial matrix [8], where it either reacts with nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as glutathione or ascorbic acid, or transforms into less damaging hydrogen peroxide or oxygen by metal-containing enzymes known as superoxide dismutases (SODs). To improve the health conditions of patients affected by diseases linked to the increased oxidative stress, many research groups have tried to prepare complex compounds of low molecular weight that would mimic the activity of SODs; SODs themselves cannot be administered, as they would not pass the cell membrane and are quickly metabolized by kidneys [11, 12]. Us, we report on synthesis of two copper complexes [Cu(phen)2(HL)]ClO4·H2O·2DMF (1) and [Cu(phen)2(HL)2]·EtOH (2), and their crystal structures as well as their scavenging activities
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