Abstract
An in situ ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) method was developed as a new approach for the detection of four pyrethroid pesticides in environmental water samples. The method is fast, simple, accurate and environmentally friendly. The hydrophobic ionic liquid, [C8MIM]-NTf2, formed by the water-soluble ionic liquid [C8MIM]Cl and the ion exchange reagent LiNTf2 was used as the extraction solvent. The experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, including the amount of the IL, the extraction and the centrifugation times and the salt concentration were investigated and optimized using an orthogonal array design (OAD). A suitable molar ratio of LiNTf2 to [C8MIM]Cl on the recoveries of analytes was determined after OAD optimization. The method showed a good linear response in the range of 0.5 to 500 µg L-1 with correlation coefficients (R2) above 0.9998. The relative standard deviation (RSD) varied from 0.6 to 1.9%. The enrichment factor, the limit of detection and recovery ranged from 134 to 153, 0.02 to 0.18 µg L-1 and 89.7 to 95.6%, respectively. For water samples, the RSD ranged from 0.02 to 2.34% and the recovery ranges from 91.4 to 99.9%.
Highlights
Pyrethroids are pesticides based on the chemical structures of natural pyrethrins but have better biological performance and lower mammalian toxicity.[1,2] Pyrethroids are used worldwide for crop pest control and environmental health
The amount of Ionic liquids (ILs) was firstly optimized using the one-factorat-a-time approach to determine the optimum range of the orthogonal array design (OAD)
The spiked recoveries were in the range of 91.4-99.9%, with the precisions of 0.02-2.34% (RSD). These results indicate that the matrix complexity had little effect on the in situ IL-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method
Summary
Pyrethroids are pesticides based on the chemical structures of natural pyrethrins but have better biological performance and lower mammalian toxicity.[1,2] Pyrethroids are used worldwide for crop pest control and environmental health. The use of pyrethroids has brought many benefits to people. The negative effects of pesticides present in food and in the environment on humans have gained more attention. A more efficient sample preconcentration and pretreatment method is needed for the determination of the concentrations of trace analytes in complex matrices.
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