Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis and is a burden worldwide. The increasing norovirus diversity is currently categorized into at least 10 genogroups which are further classified into more than 40 genotypes. In addition to humans, norovirus can infect a broad range of hosts including livestock, pets, and wild animals, e.g., marine mammals and bats. Little is known about norovirus infections in most non-human hosts, but the close genetic relatedness between some animal and human noroviruses coupled with lack of understanding where newly appearing human norovirus genotypes and variants are emerging from has led to the hypothesis that norovirus may not be host restricted and might be able to jump the species barrier. We have systematically reviewed the literature to describe the diversity, prevalence, and geographic distribution of noroviruses found in animals, and the pathology associated with infection. We further discuss the evidence that exists for or against interspecies transmission including surveillance data and data from in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Highlights
The majority of emerging infectious diseases that affect humans originate from animal reservoirs, predominantly wild life, including bats, rodents and birds
In 1972, the virus was visualized for the first time by immune electron microscopy revealing “small round structured viruses” (SRSV) of 27–35 nm in diameter, which was used as their first classification [24]
More than two thirds of emerging infectious diseases that affect humans originate from animal reservoirs, predominantly bats, rodents, birds, and other wildlife, and we sought to review evidence for interspecies transmission of noroviruses [181]
Summary
The majority of emerging infectious diseases that affect humans originate from animal reservoirs, predominantly wild life, including bats, rodents and birds. Noroviruses are currently categorized into at least seven genogroups (GI–GVII) that are further divided into more than 40 genotypes [1]. The virus contains three open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1 encoding the polyprotein that includes the viral polymerase, and ORF2 and ORF3 encoding the major- and minor capsid protein (VP1, VP2), respectively [2]. Recombination between ORF1 and ORF2 frequently occurs and a dual nomenclature describing both the polymerase and capsid genotype is used [3,4,5]. Viruses from genogroups GI, GII and GIV are known to infect humans. Animal noroviruses including viruses found in pigs, dogs, and cats are closely related to human strains and cluster within
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