Abstract
Simple SummarySystematic welfare assessment protocols are increasingly being used as a tool to demonstrate animal welfare and to drive improvements within the industry. Despite dairy products from New Zealand trading on the ‘green’ image of extensive pasture-based farms, dairy cattle welfare is not routinely assessed on most New Zealand farms, and there is no industry-recognised protocol for such assessment. Drawing on protocols and studies from across the world, this project aimed to create a science-based but practical assessment of dairy cow welfare that could be undertaken as a single one-day visit with a focus on assessment around milking time. After in-farm testing, this project identified 32 assessments which could form a part of such a protocol. Although further testing is required, this protocol could form the basis of a standardised assessment of dairy cow welfare on New Zealand dairy farms.Despite being a leading producer and exporter of dairy products, New Zealand has no industry-recognised welfare assessment protocol. A New Zealand-specific protocol is essential, as almost all dairy farms in New Zealand are pasture-based and housing is rarely used. Therefore, protocols developed for intensive cows are not suitable. The aim of this study was to develop a simple yet practical welfare assessment protocol that could be used to assess the welfare of a dairy herd during one visit timed to occur around milking. Six welfare assessment protocols and four studies of dairy cattle welfare assessments that had some focus on dairy cattle welfare at pasture were used, along with the New Zealand Dairy Cattle Code of Welfare, to identify potential assessments for inclusion in the protocol. Eighty-four potential assessments (20 record-based and 64 that needed assessing on-farm) were identified by this process of welfare assessments. After screening to exclude on-farm assessments that were not relevant, that had only limited practical application in pasture-based dairy cows or that required more time than available, 28 on-farm assessments remained, which were put together with the 20 record-based assessments and were tested for feasibility, practicality and time on two pasture-based dairy farms. Assessments were then identified as suitable, suitable after modification or not feasible. Suitable and modified assessments were then included in the final protocol alongside additional measures specific to New Zealand dairy farms. The final protocol included 24 on-farm assessments and eight record-based assessments. Further testing of these 32 assessments is needed on more dairy farms across New Zealand before the protocol can be used to routinely assess the welfare of dairy cows in New Zealand.
Highlights
Social demand for quality animal products from welfare-friendly farms has led to the development of a myriad of welfare assurance schemes which set a higher benchmark for animal welfare than legislation, especially in Europe [1]
During phase II 21 of these 48 assessments were identified as not being suitable for inclusion as part of a one-off single day assessment protocol where animal-based assessments were principally made during milking
The assessments initially included in the protocol were primarily based on the Welfare Quality protocol [11] with changes to reflect the pasture-based system which predominates on New Zealand dairy farms
Summary
Social demand for quality animal products from welfare-friendly farms has led to the development of a myriad of welfare assurance schemes which set a higher benchmark for animal welfare than legislation, especially in Europe [1]. A leading nation in terms of milk exports [3], New Zealand still has no industry-standard welfare assessment scheme and routine welfare assessments are rare on New Zealand dairy farms. Of milk produced in the UK [4] Having such a scheme could be a significant boon for the New Zealand dairy industry, as it would provide transparency regarding the general welfare status of cattle on New. Zealand dairy farms, as well as benchmarking to drive continued improvements in animal welfare [5]. Starting with the development and codification of the Five Freedoms [6], through to the conceptualisation of the Five Domains model, a strong science-based foundation has been established for the development of systematic, structured, inclusive and logically consistent welfare assessments protocols [7]. In the Five Domains model, the first four physical/functional domains (nutrition, environment, health and behaviour) are concerned with biological functioning/physical wellbeing and the fifth domain, the mental state, is concerned with affective state or psychological wellbeing [8]
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