Abstract
Simple SummaryMost pigs worldwide are in modern, commercial, indoor farms. There is debate on whether or not modern pig production systems meet all the needs of the animals. Pigs are able to perceive and feel and have mental capabilities that warrant attention to their welfare. The degree of on-farm animal welfare oversight varies around the world. Science is used to set animal welfare rules. However, science sometimes conflicts with cultural values (ex., religious slaughter). The focus of many animal welfare rules do not address the most significant problems on modern commercial pig farms. We believe that we should use science to determine the animal welfare needs of farm pigs but with a healthy respect for cultural differences in the ethics of animal care. We should also prevent economic neo-colonialism from forcing Western views on other cultures.Pigs are considered sentient beings that have a mental capability that warrants attention to their welfare. Cultural values towards animal welfare differ in world regions. Still, authors have argued for worldwide harmonization of animal welfare rules. At the same time, the focus of many animal welfare rules do not address the most significant problems on modern commercial pig farms. The foci of animal welfare rules are often on space (quantity and quality), acute painful practices, equipment, and caretaker behavior. However, most serious animal welfare issues are related to episodic events such as compromised pigs, lack of appropriately skilled staff, and human behavior (or lack thereof) towards animals. Modern technologies such as image, sound, and building oversight by automated systems can potentially provide better individual pig care. The future should bring us solutions to identify and resolve episodic negative animal welfare events. The other issues of space and painful practices are best improved by using science-based solutions. We propose that science be the key resource to making animal welfare decisions, but with a healthy appreciation and respect for cultural differences in our views of animals and the economic impact of rules. Colonialism is not viewed positively today, and economic neo-colonialism should not be allowed to replace it. Respect for cultural differences should play a role in animal welfare rules within and among countries.
Highlights
In 2019, the value of U.S pork and pork product exports to the world reached a record$7.0 billion, up 9% from the previous year [1]
The modern pig is quite different in anatomy and behavior than its wild ancestor
Domestication and selective breeding have resulted in a modern pig that is lean, fastgrowing, efficient, with a very large litter size compared to the European Wild Boar
Summary
In 2019, the value of U.S pork and pork product exports to the world reached a record. Asia lost on the order of half of their pigs in a short period This loss of product caused a worldwide shortage of pork. Some authors believe that if one does not agree with an animal welfare practice (like spaying dogs), they are not culturally competent [4]. To demonstrate the difference between cultures, we did a survey of local workers on a large commercial pig farm [5] to determine if origin (Hispanic vs Caucasian genetics and upbringing; one cannot separate nation of origin from cultural/socio-economic development) impacted whether pet dogs were kept indoors or outdoors. We found that workers of Hispanic descent were more likely to house pet dogs outdoors, while nonHispanic white people more often kept pet dogs indoors This is a small example of cultural differences of views towards animals. While some authors have proposed this view [6], other question if this is the best approach [7]
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