Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of major public health and veterinary importance, affecting 88 countries with up to 2 million cases per year. This review emphasizes the animal reservoirs and spreading of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in urban areas, particularly in two Brazilian metropolitan areas, namely São Luis and Belo Horizonte, where the disease has become endemic in the past few years. Urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil during the last decades has created favorable epidemiological conditions for maintenance of the disease, with dense human populations sharing a tropical environment with abundant populations of the mammalian reservoir and the invertebrate vector, facilitating transmission of the disease.
Highlights
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of major public health and veterinary importance
Human leishmaniasis in the Americas can be classified into two broad categories, namely American tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and American visceral leishmaniasis (VL) known as “kala-azar”
American VL is rapidly spreading in several regions of Brazil, and it is currently considered an urban disease
Summary
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of major public health and veterinary importance. Migration of rural populations to periurban areas led to urbanization of the disease [2], since it created conditions in which the human population shared an environment with high densities of canine and invertebrate vector populations [3].
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