Animal Protein Sources as a Substitute for Fishmeal in Aquaculture Diets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rendani Luthada-Raswiswi,Gordon O’Brien,Samson Mukaratirwa

doi:10.3390/app11093854

Abstract

Fishmeal is the main source of dietary protein for most commercially farmed fish species. However, fishmeal prices have been raised even further because of competition with domestic animals, shortage in world fishmeal supply, and increased demand. Increased fishmeal prices have contributed to the quest for alternatives necessary to replace fishmeal as a global research priority. A literature search was conducted using these terms on Google Scholar and EBSCOhost; fishmeal replacement in fish feeds, fishmeal alternatives in fish feeds, animal protein sources in aquaculture, insects in fish feeds, terrestrial by-products, and fishery by-products. To calculate the variation between experiments, a random effect model was used. Results indicated that different fish species, sizes, and inclusion levels were used in the various studies and showed that the use of insects, terrestrial by-products, and fishery by-products has some limitations. Despite these drawbacks, the use of animal protein sources as a replacement for fishmeal in fish diets has had a positive impact on the feed conversion ratio, variable growth rate, final weight, and survival rate of different types of fish species of different size groups. Findings also showed that some animal by-products had not been assessed as a protein source in aquaculture or animal feeds, and future studies are recommended.

Highlights

In terms of species cultured and production systems used, aquaculture is a diverse industry [1]
There were 1030 articles obtained from search engines, and additional records were 1030 articles obtained from search engines, additional records were identified identified through other sources
Based on their names and abstracts, 783 publications were omitted because their names and abstracts, publications were omitted because they did not follow the they did not follow the requirements of reporting on three or all four of the following requirements of on three or allSpecific four ofgrowth the following on weight, experimental animals: Specific onreporting experimental animals: rate, final feed conversion ratio, and growth rate, final weight, feed conversion ratio,protein and survival rate, have or more protein levels survival rate, have four or more levels tested, andfour others have no standard error on results

Summary

Introduction

In terms of species cultured and production systems used, aquaculture is a diverse industry [1]. According to [2], by producing fish with minimal environmental impact and maximum benefit for society, aquaculture is predicted to contribute more effectively to economic development, international food safety, nutritional well-being, and poverty reduction. Regardless of the cultivated systems within which fish are grown and species involved, production, growth, and health of fish depend totally on a supply of adequate nutrients both in quantity and quality [3]. The quality of the protein ingredient used in feed formulation is generally known to have effects on the nutritional value of fish diets produced [4]. The demand for feed resources, for prime quality protein fishmeal, has increased because of the global supply of fish as aquaculture production increases [3]

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