Abstract
The search for bioactive compounds from enzymatic hydrolysates has increased in the last few decades. Fish by-products have been shown to be rich in these valuable molecules; for instance, herring milt is a complex matrix composed of lipids, nucleotides, minerals, and proteins. However, limited information is available on the potential health benefits of this by-product. In this context, three industrial products containing herring milt hydrolysate (HMH) were tested in both animal and cellular models to measure their effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed either a control chow diet or a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks and received either the vehicle (water) or one of the three HMH products (HMH1, HMH2, and HMH3) at a dose of 208.8 mg/kg (representing 1 g/day for a human) by daily oral gavage. The impact of HMH treatments on insulin and glucose tolerance, lipid homeostasis, liver gene expression, and the gut microbiota profile was studied. In parallel, the effects of HMH on glucose uptake and inflammation were studied in L6 myocytes and J774 macrophages, respectively. In vivo, daily treatment with HMH2 and HMH3 improved early time point glycemia during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) induced by the HFHS diet, without changes in weight gain and insulin secretion. Interestingly, we also observed that HMH2 consumption partially prevented a lower abundance of Lactobacillus species in the gut microbiota of HFHS diet-fed animals. In addition to this, modulations of gene expression in the liver, such as the upregulation of sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase (SNARK), were reported for the first time in mice treated with HMH products. While HMH2 and HMH3 inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in J774 macrophages, glucose uptake was not modified in L6 muscle cells. These results indicate that milt herring hydrolysates reduce some metabolic and inflammatory alterations in cellular and animal models, suggesting a possible novel marine ingredient to help fight against obesity-related immunometabolic disorders.
Highlights
The Western diet, which is typically rich in fat and sugar, contributes to obesity development worldwide and in turn contributes to the development of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of low doses of different herring milt hydrolysates, which contain a mix of peptides, lipids, and astaxanthin, on the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders in mice fed a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet and in cellular models
Since obesity is closely linked to the development of fatty liver diseases, we investigated the impact of herring milt hydrolysate (HMH) treatments on liver steatosis
Summary
The Western diet, which is typically rich in fat and sugar, contributes to obesity development worldwide and in turn contributes to the development of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The consumption of fish has been reported to decrease the risk of T2D and CVD in epidemiological studies [3,4,5]. The consumption of fish oil has been linked to an improvement of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic disorders [6,7,8]. It is worth noting that other bioactive compounds in fish, such as essential amino acids (AA) or peptides, have been associated with an improvement of glucose and lipid homeostasis in animal and human studies [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] Liaset et al [17]
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