Abstract
This study deals with anilofos tolerance and its mineralization by the common rice field cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PUPCCC 64. The organism tolerated anilofos up to 25 mg L−1. The herbicide caused inhibitory effects on photosynthetic pigments of the test organism in a dose-dependent manner. The organism exhibited 60, 89, 96, 85 and 79% decrease in chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin, respectively, in 20 mg L−1 anilofos on day six. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase increased by 1.04 to 1.80 times over control cultures in presence of 20 mg L−1 anilofos. Glutathione content decreased by 26% while proline content was unaffected by 20 mg L−1 anilofos. The test organism showed intracellular uptake and metabolized the herbicide. Uptake of herbicide by test organism was fast during initial six hours followed by slow uptake until 120 hours. The organism exhibited maximum anilofos removal at 100 mg protein L−1, pH 8.0 and 30°C. Its growth in phosphate deficient basal medium in the presence of anilofos (2.5 mg L−1) indicated that herbicide was used by the strain PUPCCC 64 as a source of phosphate.
Highlights
Weeds are a nuisance in field crops as they compete for soil and water resources, reduce crop quality, interfere with irrigation and harvesting operations, and reduce land value
We have previously shown that Synechocystis sp. strain PUPCCC 64 is able to degrade chlorpyrifos [19]
The cyanobacterium survived in anilofos up to 20 mg L21 and did not grow in 30 mg L21 anilofos
Summary
Weeds are a nuisance in field crops as they compete for soil and water resources, reduce crop quality, interfere with irrigation and harvesting operations, and reduce land value. The sole price of agricultural products gets lowered when weed seeds get mixed with harvested crops, which require extra cleaning operations. Weeds serve as alternate host to many pathogens, insects and nematodes, resulting in increased costs of crop protection operations [1]. It is estimated that weeds account for 45% of the total annual loss of agricultural production from various pests in India [2]. Large scale use of herbicides that selectively kill weeds is an integral component of modern agriculture since these chemicals reduce labour and machine requirements. The use of herbicides has increased enormously across the world. In India, 240 pesticides are registered for use, out of which 51 are herbicides [3]
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