Anhydrous Proton Transport within Phosphonic Acid Layers in Monodisperse Telechelic Polyethylenes

Abstract

Polymers bearing phosphonic acid groups have been proposed as anhydrous proton-conducting membranes at elevated operating temperatures for applications in fuel cells. However, the synthesis of phosphonated polymers and the control over the nanostructure of such polymers is challenging. Here, we report the straightforward synthesis of phosphonic acid-terminated, long-chain aliphatic materials with precisely 26 and 48 carbon atoms (C26PA2 and C48PA2). These materials combine the structuring ability of monodisperse polyethylenes with the ability of phosphonic acid groups to form strong hydrogen-bonding networks. Anhydride formation is absent so that charge carrier loss by a condensation reaction is avoided even at elevated temperatures. Below the melting temperature (Tm), both materials exhibit a crystalline polyethylene backbone and a layered morphology with planar phosphonic acid aggregates separated by 29 and 55 Å for C26PA2 and C48PA2, respectively. Above Tm, the amorphous polyethylene (PE) segments coexist with the layered aggregates. This phenomenon is especially pronounced for the C26PA2 and is identified as a thermotropic smectic liquid crystalline phase. Under these conditions, an extraordinarily high correlation length (940 Å) along the layer normal is observed, demonstrating the strength of the hydrogen bond network formed by the phosphonic acid groups. The proton conductivity in both materials in the absence of water reaches 10-4 S/cm at 150 °C. These new precise phosphonic acid-based materials illustrate the importance of controlling the chemistry to form self-assembled nanoscale aggregates that facilitate rapid proton conductivity.