Abstract
The response of miniature ultrasonic hydrophones was measured in the receive mode for angles of incidence ranging from 0° to 90°, at frequencies of 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 MHz. Ceramic (PZT) hydrophones of 0.635‐mm diameter were observed to have a mainlobe angular width substantially less than that predicted by diffraction theory. They also exhibited significant response at large angles of incidence; in some cases, the response at 90° was comparable to the response at normal incidence. The response of polymer (PVDF) hydrophones of 1‐mm diameter was also measured at the above three frequencies, and was closer to the predicted behavior. The angular response of the polymer hydrophones was also determined at a frequency of 511 kHz, and these data support the recent prediction [A. R. Selfridge, G. S. Kino, and B. F. Khuri‐Yakub, Appl. Phys. Lett. 37, 35–36 (1980)] that the directivity function of a transducer that is not surrounded by an infinite rigid baffle must be modified by an additional term.
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