Abstract
Results of experimental measurements are reported for the critical drainage angle above which the hopper drains completely and for the angle of repose as a function of hopper angle. Experimental measurements were made for several free-flowing, granular materials in smooth-walled and in rough-walled hoppers. The critical drainage angle is approximately equal to the bin angle of repose for a rough-walled hopper but is less than the bin angle of repose for a smooth-walled hopper. Thus, the bottom angle required for complete emptying of a smooth-walled hopper may be substantially smaller than that predicted from measurements of bin angle of repose.
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