Angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase modulate smokeless tobacco-induced increase in macromolecular efflux from the oral mucosa in vivo

Abstract

Smokeless tobacco elicits plasma exudation from the oral mucosa that is mediated by bradykinin, and it decreases the activity of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a peptidase that cleaves and inactivates bradykinin. However, the mechanisms regulating bradykinin-induced responses during exposure to smokeless tobacco are uncertain. The purpose of this study was to begin to address this issue by determining whether inhibitors of ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP), a membrane-bound peptidase widely distributed in the oral mucosa that also cleaves and inactivates bradykinin, potentiate a smokeless tobacco-induced increase in macromolecular efflux from the oral mucosa in vivo. Using intravital microscopy, we found that suffusion of an aqueous extract of smokeless tobacco elicited a significant concentration-dependent increase in fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (molecular mass 70 kd) leaky site formation in the hamster cheek pouch ( p < 0.05). This response was significantly potentiated by captopril and lisinopril, two ACE inhibitors, and by phosphoramidon and thiorphan, two NEP inhibitors ( p < 0.05). The effects of ACE and NEP inhibitors were additive. By contrast, a mixture of proteinase inhibitors consisting of leupeptin, Bestatin, and DL-2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid had no significant effects on smokeless tobacco extract-induced responses. Overall, these data suggest that ACE and NEP each play a role in modulating a smokeless tobacco-induced increase in macromolecular efflux from the in situ oral mucosa, in part by regulating local bradykinin catabolism.